Comparing the risk factors of nephrolithiasis in Asian countries population: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to identify the main risk factors for nephrolithiasis in Asian populations, with comparisons to European and American populations. Using a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Science Direct, and ResearchGate, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we synthesized data from 11 geographically diverse studies. Our findings reveal substantial population-specific differences in nephrolithiasis risk factors, particularly familial history, water consumption, and smoking patterns. In Asian populations, a 60% increase in risk was associated with a family history of nephrolithiasis. In the meantime, drinking sources also affected nephrolithiasis risk, with the consumption of boiled water being associated with a 25% increase in risk compared to consumption of bottled or mineral water. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring preventive strategies and treatments to specific risk factors, taking into account regional variations, and call for additional research to understand the complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors in the development of nephrolithiasis.

KEYWORDS:

• Urolithiasis
• Asian
• risk factor
• kidney stone

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Abbreviation list

N/A	=	Not available
OR	=	Odds ratio
PRISMA	=	Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis
SD	=	Standard deviation