Peptides and Hormesis

Abstract

The article provides a broad assessment of the occurrence of hormetic-like biphasic dose-response relationships by over 30 peptides representing many major peptide classes. These peptide-induced biphasic dose responses were observed to occur in a extensive range of tissues, affecting an diverse range of biological endpoints. Despite diversity of peptides, models and endpoints, the quantitative features of the biphasic dose responses are remarkably similar with respect to the amplitude and width of the stimulatory response. These findings strongly suggest that hormetic-like biphasic dose responses represent a broadly generalizable biological phenomenon.

KEYWORDS: :

• peptides
• hormesis
• U-shaped
• J-shaped
• dose response
• nonlinear
• biphasic
• dual effects
• switching mechanisms
• bi-directional responses
• stimulation
• inhibition