The Association of Speech/Language Risk With Phonological Awareness, Rapid Naming, and Reading Ability in Children With Cleft Lip and/or Palate

ABSTRACT

Children with cleft lip and/or palate were assessed for speech, language, phonological awareness (PA), rapid naming (RN) and reading ability using standardized instruments at baseline (T1; N = 142, M_age = 6.14 years, 51% males) and 2-year follow-up (T2; 89% retention, M_age = 8.38). Children with no speech or language risk scored higher for T1 and T2 PA, RN, and reading than children with both speech and language risk [Adjusted Mean Difference (AMD) ranged from 11.79 to 21.25]; language risk (AMD 8.37 to 13.58); and speech risk (0.51 to 6.87). No significant differences by cleft type or child sex.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2023.2293715

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Shriners Hospitals for Children [71004-CHI].