Abstract
Major changes are occurring in the epidemiology of opportunistic infections (OI) in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A marked decrease of minor and major OI was observed and clinical resistance of thrush to antifungal agents became extremely rare. Primary and secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii infections can be stopped; however, the situation is less clear for other OI such as cryptococcosis or endemic mycoses. The epidemiology is dramatically different in the countries which cannot afford the cost of HAART for the majority of patients, such as South Africa. These topics will be discussed in this paper.