BRADYKININ AS A MAJOR ENDOGENOUS REGULATOR OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION

Abstract

Healthy vascular endothelium is a powerful generator of nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and plasminogen activator (t-PA). These endothelial products protect vascular wall against aggression from activated blood platelets and leukocytes. In particular, they protect against thrombosis, promote thrombolysis, maintain tissue perfusion, and inhibit remodeling of vascular and cardiac walls. Endothelial dysfunction appears on one hand as suppression in the release of the above mediators, and on the other as deleterious discharge of prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGH 2 , PGG 2 ), superoxide anion O 2 - , peroxynitrite (ONOO - ), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). Our data point to endothelial bradykinin (Bk) as a trigger for protective endothelial mechanisms. In cultured endothelial cells (CEC) Bk through kinin B 2 receptors raised in a concentration-dependent manner (1pM-10 nM) free cytoplasmic calcium ions [Ca 2+ ]i. This rise was accompanied by the release of NO as quantified by a porphyrinic sensor. Other endothelial agonists were weaker stimulators of [Ca 2+ ]i than Bk. In vivo we analyzed the effects of exogenous Bk and of amplifiers of endogenous Bk, such as perindopril and quinapril ("tissue type" angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE-I) on endothelial function using our original thrombolytic bioassay and EIA assays for 6-keto-PGF 1 &#102 and t-PA antigen. A major difference found between exogenuous Bk and endogenous Bk (that rendered by "tissue ACE-I") was a prolonged thrombolytic action (> 4 h) of quinapril or perindopril. Moreover, only exogenous Bk evoked an immediate and profound hypotensive action. In vivo Bk-induced thrombolysis was B 2 kinin receptor-dependent, PGI 2 -mediated. The unexpected action of Bk came to light in CEC. Then appeared incubated for 4 h increased expression of mRNAs for haemoxygenase (HO-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandin Esynthase (PGE-S), but hardly for nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2). We hypothesize that a network of interactions of Bk-induced enzymes may constitute a delayed phase of Bk effects in the endothelium, whereas the primary phase would be activation by Bk of [Ca 2+ ]i-dependent constitutive endothelial enzymes. In blood-perfused rat endotoxemic lungs, NO is the most eminent cytoprotective mediator. Summing up, in peripheral circulation endogenous Bk is the most efficient activator of protective endothelial function. Thrombolytic action of "tissue-type" ACE-Is relies on receptor B 2 -mediated, [Ca 2+ ]i-dependent release of PGI 2 . Bk also may act as a "microcytokine" by inducing mRNAs for HO-1, COX-2, or PGE-S. Activation of HO-1 may lead to a deficiency in intracellular heme required as a cofactor for both COX and NOS. This network of interactions triggered by Bk call for further studies.

• Bradykini
• Prostacyclin
• Nitric Oxide
• Plasminogen Activator
• Hemooxygenase
• Endothelium