Challenging issues in neonatal candidiasis

Abstract

In an era of quality improvement and ‘getting to zero (infections and/or related mortality),’ neonatal candidiasis is ripe for evidence-based initiatives. Knowledge of each institution’s invasive Candida infection (ICI) incidence and infection-related mortality is critical to evaluate disease burden and effective interventions. Evidenced-based interventions include: antifungal prophylaxis, starting with appropriate dosing, and prompt removal of central venous catheters (CVC). There is A-I evidence supporting antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, and it should be considered in every neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The literature supports targeting infants <1000 g and/or ≤27 weeks, because this group has high infection-related mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment in 57% of survivors. Antifungal prophylaxis has been shown to nearly eliminate infection-related mortality. Interventions start with prenatal initiatives, with women being treated for vaginal candidiasis, especially with preterm labor or complications. Targeting modifiable risk factors, including restriction policies for use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, H2-antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and postnatal steroids; guidelines for CVC care and removal; and feeding practices, with promotion of early feedings and breast milk, may also reduce risk. A few studies have emerged on empiric antifungal therapy with sepsis evaluations for preterm infants <1500 g and other high-risk patients that have shown favorable effects of eliminating mortality, but these have not been compared to appropriate antifungal therapy and central line removal. Further study of empiric therapy, prospective treatment studies with higher targeted dosing of amphotericin B preparations, fluconazole, and new antifungals with prompt CVC removal may contribute to a 100% survival rate for those infants >1000 g and ≥28 weeks not receiving antifungal prophylaxis. Evaluation of ICI incidence and mortality by gestational age and birth week should be followed in each NICU, to evaluate infection control and prevention.

Key words::

• Carbapenem
• Cephalosporin
• Echinocandin
• Fluconazole
• Prophylaxis
• Very-low body weight

Transparency

Declaration of funding

This activity is supported by an educational grant from Merck & Co., Inc.

Declaration of financial/other relationships

D.A.K. has disclosed that he has no real or apparent conflicts of interest to report.

Some peer reviewers receive honoraria from CMRO for their review work. Peer reviewer 1 has disclosed that he/she has received research grants from Children’s Cancer Foundation of Baltimore and is on speakers bureaus of Enzon Pharmaceuticals and Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals. Peer reviewer 2 has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.

Acknowledgment

The authors of this supplement thank Global Education Exchange, LLC, for editorial support.