Amino acid supplementation and impact on immune function in the context of exercise

Abstract

Moderate and chronic bouts of exercise may lead to positive metabolic, molecular, and morphological adaptations, improving health. Although exercise training stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their overall intracellular concentration may not reach damaging levels due to enhancement of antioxidant responses. However, inadequate exercise training (i.e., single bout of high-intensity or excessive exercise) may result in oxidative stress, muscle fatigue and muscle injury. Moreover, during the recovery period, impaired immunity has been reported, for example; excessive-inflammation and compensatory immunosuppression. Nutritional supplements, sometimes referred to as immuno-nutrients, may be required to reduce immunosuppression and excessive inflammation. Herein, we discuss the action and the possible targets of key immuno-nutrients such as L-glutamine, L-arginine, branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and whey protein.

Keywords:

• Immunonutrition
• L-glutamine
• L-arginine
• L-leucine
• Oxidative stress

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-014-0061-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-014-0061-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia for provision of excellent research facilities and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - Science Without Borders Programme, process 245562/2012-5).

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Authors’ contribution

This review was designed by VFC; manuscript preparation and written were undertaken by VFC, MK and PN; figures preparation were made by VFC; supervision of the manuscript was made by PN and MK. All authors approved the final version of the paper.