Emerging lipid-lowering drugs: squalene synthase inhibitors

Abstract

Background: Lapaquistat was the only squalene synthase inhibitor in Phase III clinical trials in Europe and the United States, but was recently discontinued from clinical development. Unlike statins, the inhibition of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis by lapaquistat does not deplete mevalonate, a precursor of isoprenoids. Isoprenoids are critical in cell growth and metabolism. Objective: The present review will focus on the chemistry, pharmacology, and lipid-lowering effects of novel squalene synthase inhibitors. Methods: A search of Pubmed, IPA, and GoogleScholar for studies (animal and human) and review articles published in English between 1990 and April 2008, using the search terms “squalene synthase inhibitors” or “lapaquistat”. All clinical trials identified were then cross-referenced for their citations. All literature identified was then complied for this analysis. Results/conclusion: Lapaquistat mainly targets LDL-C, but may have some effect on HDL-C and TG. Preliminary reports on Phase II and Phase III associated lapaquistat 100 mg with elevated hepatic enzymes. Hepatotoxicity, possible drug–drug interaction with statins, and the investigation of a statin/coenzyme Q10 combination are among the few challenges that impeded lapaquistat's clinical development.

Keywords::

• benzoxazepines
• biphenyl morpholines
• bisphosphonates
• coronary heart disease
• hyperlipidemia
• quinuclidines
• squalene synthase inhibitors
• zaragozic acids

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Khalid El Sayed, Assistant Professor in the Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Louisiana Monroe, for his assistance in the revision of this review.