Toll-like receptors: a novel target for therapeutic intervention in intestinal and hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury?

Abstract

Importance of the field: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that act mainly as sensors of microbes, orchestrating an organism's defense against infections, while they sense also host tissue injury by recognizing products of dying cells. Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) represents one of these tissue damage states in which TLR-mediated mechanisms might be implicated.

Areas covered in this review: The most recent data on TLR signaling and the latest knowledge regarding the involvement of TLRs in the pathogenesis and progression of intestinal and hepatic IRI are presented. The potential effectiveness of TLR-modulating therapy in intestinal and liver IRI is also analyzed.

What the reader will gain: A comprehensive summary of the data suggesting TLR involvement in intestinal and hepatic IRI. Knowledge required for developing TLR modulation strategies against intestinal and hepatic IRI.

Take home message: TLRs play a significant role in both intestinal and hepatic IRI pathophysiology. Better understanding of TLR involvement in such processes may enable the invention of novel TLR-based therapies for IRI in the intestine and liver.

Keywords::

• hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury
• immune response
• inflammation
• innate immunity
• intestinal epithelial cells
• intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury
• Kupffer cells
• ligands
• TLR signaling

Notes

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