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Abstract
Defective reaction toward fetal alloantigens could result in both recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSAs) and recurrent early pregnancy failures (REPFs), the latter existing in couples with unexplained infertility and multiple failures of implantation after in vitro fertilization embryo transfer. Immunological mechanisms leading to RSA and REPF seem to be different, although both syndromes probably have a genetic background that has not been identified so far. Despite the fact that antiphospholipid syndrome is a well-established cause of repeated pregnancy loss, the role of different autoantibodies existing in RSA and REPF patients needs to be elucidated. Immunotherapy is believed to correct the detrimental immune reactions; however, its real effectiveness and safety for the treatment of distinct forms of pregnancy loss need to be reconsidered.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The author has no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.