Strategies for differentiating infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA) for foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza

Abstract

The prophylactic use of vaccines against exotic viral infections in production animals is undertaken exclusively in regions where the disease concerned is endemic. In such areas, the infection pressure is very high and so, to assure optimal protection, the most efficient vaccines are used. However, in areas considered to be free from these diseases and in which there is the possibility of only limited outbreaks, the use of Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) or marker vaccines allows for vaccination while still retaining the possibility of serological surveillance for the presence of infection. This literature review describes the current knowledge on the use of DIVA diagnostic strategies for three important transboundary animal diseases: foot-and-mouth disease in cloven-hoofed animals, classical swine fever in pigs and avian influenza in poultry.

Keywords::

• avian influenza
• CSF
• DIVA tests
• foot-and-mouth disease
• serosurveillance
• transboundary diseases
• vaccinate-to-live

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ilaria Capua for critically reading the manuscript.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

This work was supported by the EU Network of Excellence, EPIZONE (Contract No FOOD-CT-2006–016236). Satya Parida and David Paton are Jenner Investigators. Satya Parida is an adjunct professor to Murdoch University, Australia. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.