Factors associated with prescription opioid misuse in a cross-sectional cohort of patients with chronic non-cancer pain

Abstract

Objective

To examine demographic features, psychosocial characteristics, pain-specific behavioral factors, substance abuse history, sleep, and indicators of overall physical function as predictors of opioid misuse in patients presenting for new patient evaluation at a tertiary pain clinic.

Methods

Overall, 625 patients with chronic non-cancer pain prospectively completed the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry, assessing pain catastrophizing, National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System standardized measures (pain intensity, pain behavior, pain interference, physical function, sleep disturbance, sleep-related impairment, anger, depression, anxiety, and fatigue), and substance use history. Additional information regarding current opioid prescriptions and opioid misuse was examined through retrospective chart review.

Results

In all, 41 (6.6%) patients presented with some indication of prescription opioid misuse. In the final multivariable logistic regression model, those with a history of illicit drug use (odds ratio [OR] 5.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.48–11.98, p<0.0001) and a current opioid prescription (OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.62–10.18, p=0.003) were at elevated risk for opioid misuse. Conversely, every 1-h increase in average hours of nightly sleep decreased the risk of opioid misuse by 20% (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66–0.97, p=0.02).

Conclusion

These findings indicate the importance of considering substance use history, current opioid prescriptions, and sleep in universal screening of patients with chronic non-cancer pain for opioid misuse. Future work should target longitudinal studies to verify the causal relationships between these variables and subsequent opioid misuse.

Keywords:

• sleep
• pain catastrophizing
• patient-reported outcomes
• mood substance use

Acknowledgments

Dr Hah was supported by K23DA035302 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr Sturgeon was supported by 3T32DA035165-02S1 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr Mackey was supported by K24DA029262 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Chris Redlich Pain Research Fund.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.