Cognitive Profiles Stratified by Education Using Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Freezing of Gait

Abstract

Purpose

Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) may present with complex and heterogeneous cognitive profiles. Owing to limited access to comprehensive neuropsychological battery in ordinary clinical practice, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is likely to be easily available cognitive data for comparisons among studies. This study aims to explore the cognitive profiles stratified by education using MoCA in PD patients with FOG.

Patients and Methods

PD patients with FOG (FOG+, n = 52) and without FOG (FOG-, n = 71) were included in our study. MoCA items were categorized into five subsections (attention/working memory, executive function, episodic memory, language, and visuospatial function) referring to previously published criteria. Cognitive assessments were compared based on five subsections between groups stratified by three education levels (0–6 years, 7–12 years, and >12 years). The association of cognitive measurements with FOG were analyzed using binary logistic regression models with adjustment for variables.

Results

The total scores and subscores of each subsection of MoCA were similar between two groups of each education level. Further detailed analysis showed that a composite measure labeled “Attention/working memory-Composite” (abbreviated to Attention-C), consisting of the scores of four items (target detection task, serial sevens, digit forward and backward, and sentence repetition), were lower significantly in FOG+ group compared with FOG- group in patients with education year ≤6 years. The significant association of Attention-C with FOG held true when controlling for disease duration, but not for H-Y stage, MDS-UPDRS III, HAMA, and HAMD.

Conclusion

Overall, our findings gave a hint that Attention-C derived from MoCA might be a potential factor associated with FOG in PD patients with lower education level (education year ≤ 6 years), which will need to be validated in future studies.

Plain Language Summary

Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) may present with complex and heterogeneous cognitive profiles. Owing to limited access to comprehensive neuropsychological battery in ordinary clinical practice, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is likely to be easily available cognitive data for comparisons among studies. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate the cognitive profiles using MoCA stratified by education in Chinese PD patients with FOG. We proposed a novel composite measure derived from MoCA labeled “Attention/working memory-Composite” (abbreviated to Attention-C), consisting of the scores of four items (target detection task, serial sevens, digit forward and backward, and sentence repetition). We found a significant association of Attention-C with FOG existed in PD patients with education year ≤6 years when controlling for disease duration, but disappeared for H-Y stage, MDS-UPDRS III, HAMA, and HAMD. It may be attributed to a large extent to the relatively small size of our study population. Our findings gave a hint that Attention-C derived from MoCA might be a potential factor associated with FOG in PD patients with lower education level (education year ≤ 6 years), which need to be further explored and validated in expanded studies with different international populations. Thus, the present study could provide critical implications for ordinary clinical practice where comprehensive neuropsychological batteries are not easily accessible to clinicians.

Keywords:

• Parkinson’s disease
• freezing of gait
• Montreal Cognitive Assessment
• attention
• working memory
• executive function

Data Sharing Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University. All procedures followed the declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent Statement

The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all physicians and patients who participated in this study.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

The study was supported by the Capital Health Research and Development of Special Program (2020-3-7091).