https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5571-3310
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Abstract
Objective
There is a paucity of research evidence available regarding the impact of anxiety and sleep hygiene on insomnia and related sleep complaints among collegiate students in lower-income countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate if insomnia and insomnia-related sleep complaints are associated with anxiety, age, and sleep hygiene practices among a sample of university students in Ethiopia.
Design, Measures, Setting, and Participants
The participants were young adults (n=525; mean age 21.5 ± 3.0 years; mean BMI of 20.7 ± 2.7kg/m2). Young collegiate adults at Mizan-Tepi University in southwestern Ethiopia were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study. The measures included the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire-Mizan (LSEQ-M), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 Scale (GAD-7), and the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and multiple linear regressions were used.
Results
Insomnia was associated with young age group (≤25 years) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–4.66), higher GAD-7 (anxiety) (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.0–1.10) and SHI (poor sleep hygiene) (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26) scores. All four insomnia-related sleep complaints were associated with increasing GAD-7 scores, as well as higher SHI scores (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Insomnia was associated with younger age group (≤25 years), higher anxiety level, and poor sleep hygiene. Four major sleep complaints in insomnia, ie, sleep onset problems, poor sleep quality, awakening problems, and daytime disturbances, were all associated with higher anxiety levels and poor sleep hygiene.
Abbreviations
GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale; LSEQ-M, Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire-Mizan; SHI, Sleep Hygiene Index; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; GLB, greatest lower bound to reliability; BMI, body mass index; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; SD, standard deviation.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The study was approved by the Human Institutional Ethics Committee Mizan-Tepi University, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All authors have approved the final draft.
Consent to Publish
The participants provided informed consent to publish.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the participants of the study. The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for funding this work under Project Number No (RGP-2019-40).
Author Contributions
All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
SRP is a stockholder, and the President and Chief Executive Officer of Somnogen Canada Inc., a Canadian corporation. He declares that he has no competing interests that might be perceived to influence the content of this article. This affiliation of SRP with Somnogen Canada Inc., a Canadian Corporation, does not alter the authors’ adherence to Nature and Science of Sleep. SRP has received royalty support from for his role as an editor-in-chief and/or an editor of various academic volumes. All remaining authors declare that they have no proprietary, financial, professional or other personal interest of any nature in any product, service and/or company that could be construed or considered to be a potential conflict of interest that might have influenced the views expressed in this paper.