Impact of Mandatory Wake Time on Sleep Timing, Sleep Quality and Rest-Activity Cycle in College and University Students Complaining of a Delayed Sleep Schedule: An Actigraphy Study

Abstract

Background

Individuals complaining of a delayed sleep schedule are expected to have shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality when they must comply with morning obligations. The changes in the sleep schedule imposed by morning obligations may in turn decrease the stability and amplitude of their rest-activity cycle. These expectations were only partially supported in previous studies, possibly due to poor differentiation between days with mandatory or free wake times.

Participants

Fourteen college/university students (8 women) with a complaint of a late sleep schedule and a bedtime after midnight were compared to fourteen controls with an earlier sleep schedule and no complaint.

Methods

During a week of 24-h activity recording, participants specified in their sleep diary whether their wake time was free or determined by an obligation.

Results

The number of nights with mandatory wake times was similar in the two groups. Groups were also similar for sleep duration and sleep quality over the 7 days of recording. Actigraphic sleep efficiency was the same in the two groups for both free and mandatory wake times, but subjective sleep quality decreased on the nights with mandatory wake time in both groups. On the nights with mandatory wake time, delayed participants had shorter sleep episodes and less total sleep time than controls. Rest-activity cycle amplitude was lower in the delayed group whether wake time was free or mandatory.

Conclusion

Sleep duration and total sleep time differed between the two groups only when wake time was mandatory. Prior to mandatory wake times, delayed participants kept the same bedtime and shortened their sleep; sleep latency and sleep efficiency were preserved but subjective sleep quality and alertness on awakening decreased compared to nights with free wake time. Lower amplitude of the rest-activity cycle in delayed subjects may reflect lifestyle differences compared to control participants.

Keywords:

• sleep schedule
• circadian sleep disorders
• chronotype
• ambulatory recordings
• delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
• social jetlag

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a Research Grant (#155406-211) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and by student fellowships from the Faculté de Médecine (Université de Montréal), Fonds de la recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQ-S), and NSERC.

Disclosure

Ms Solenne Van der Maren reports Student Fellowship from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), during the conduct of the study. Professor Marie Dumont reports grants from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), during the conduct of the study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.