Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale: Translation, Test, and Evaluation of Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the current study is to translate, test and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) in Persian language.

Methods

Participants consisted of two samples: a clinical sample of 120 patients (58%) with insomnia disorder meeting DSM-5 criteria for insomnia and a non-clinical sample of 110 participants (42%) with normal sleep. Both samples completed the following measures: GSES, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale-10, Pre Sleep Arousal Scale-cognitive subscale, Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale-21 and sleep diary.

Results

Significant correlations were found between GSES and related measures in both groups. Principal component analysis indicated a single component accounted for 64.77% of total variance in the clinical group. Results of the fit estimates for the one-factor model were consistent with the previously specified fit criteria and adequately fitted the data in the non-clinical group. Statistical analyses showed that the GSES has acceptable internal consistency in terms of Cronbach’s Alpha in the clinical (0.75) and non-clinical (0.77) samples. Test–retest reliability for a 4-week interval was significant (r = 0.70). The cut-off point, sensitivity, and specificity of the scale were 6, 85% and 94.5%, respectively.

Conclusion

The Persian translated and validated version of the GSES obtained adequate values in psychometric properties in both clinical and non-clinical samples and it can be used for research and clinical purposes in Iran.

Keywords:

• GSES
• insomnia
• sleep effort
• psychometric properties
• Persian scale

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to sincerely thank all the individuals who participated in this study. Also, we would like to thank all the personnel of the Baharloo Hospitals who assisted us in conducting this study. Besides, we would like to sincerely thank our Canadian colleague, Laura Seidel, at the University of Ottawa who kindly edited the final version of this article.

This study was partially supported by the Occupational Sleep Research Center of the Baharloo Hospital at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran by grant number 27164. The funder had no role in the study design and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and preparation of the manuscript.

Disclosure

Mojtaba Habibi's researcher ID is: L-1485-2018. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest in this work.