Retinopathy and risk factors in diabetic patients from Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background

Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by chronic and dangerous microvascular changes affecting most body systems, especially the eye, leading to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy without appropriate management is emerging as one of the leading causes of blindness. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy, reduce the risk of blindness, and identify relevant risk factors.

Methods

This descriptive study was designed to estimate the prevalence of retinopathy and its staging in diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic at King Fahd Hospital in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2008 to 2010. Patients completed a questionnaire, underwent a full medical assessment carried out by the treating clinicians, and were examined for evidence of diabetic retinopathy using standard ophthalmic outpatient instruments.

Results

In total, 690 randomly selected diabetic patients of mean age 46.10 ± 11.85 (range 16–88) years were included, comprising 395 men (57.2%) of mean age 46.50 ± 11.31 years and 295 women (42.8%) of mean age 45.55 ± 12.53 years. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 11.91 ± 7.92 years in the women and 14.42 ± 8.20 years in the men, and the mean total duration of known diabetes mellitus was 13.35 ± 8.17 years. Glycated hemoglobin was higher in men (8.53% ± 1.81%) than in women (7.73% ± 1.84%), and this difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.0001). Of the 690 diabetic patients, 249 (36.1%) had retinopathy. Mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 13.6% of patients, being of moderate grade in 8% and of severe grade in 8.1%. A further 6.4% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Conclusion

Regular screening to detect diabetic retinopathy is strongly recommended because early detection has the best chance of preventing retinal complications.

Keywords:

• diabetic retinopathy
• diabetes complications
• risk factors

Acknowledgments

This work was supported financially by the King Abdulaziz City for Technology and Research, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under grant APP1428-53. Our appreciation and thanks is extended to all patients who participated in the study and to the Department of Ophthalmology, Mohamed Yakoot, Department of Medicine, Khalid Haissam, Department of Family Medicine, and Mohamed El-Awady, Department of Community Medicine, who contributed to the study design. Our special thanks are extended to the doctors and nurses at Ohud Hospital, King Fahd Hospital, and the Diabetes Center in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah City for their great contribution in implementing the study. Our appreciation is also extended to Islam El-Bayoumi, Mohamed Hassan, the research assistant for the study, and our colleagues who helped us carry out this research.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.