Abstract
The hypothesis that panic disorder is a separate biological disease has attracted a great deal of controversy in recent years. One of the cornerstones of this theory is that panic attacks arise spontaneously, suggesting that the illness is generated by an autonomous physiological process. A number of cases are reported that illustrate Beck's theory that cognitive factors are central to the genesis of acute anxiety. Evidence for a developmental/cognitive theory of anxiety is discussed, and it is concluded that a purely biological model for panic disorder is inadequate.