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Abstract
Complete blood counts (CBCs) were performed on 215 out-of-treatment injecting and nonin-jecting drug users participating in a federally sponsored human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk-reduction program in Houston, Texas. A substantial proportion of patients/clients were found to be suffering from varying degrees of anemia and other hematological conditions. Anemia is known to affect cognitive skills such as the ability to concentrate and process information. This impairment can limit the effectiveness of drug intervention and treatment, even among those users eager to participate in intervention or treatment programs. Consideration of substance users' physical condition as manifested by hematological measures can provide an important compliment to health behavioral models that stress cognitive functioning without consideration of the underlying physical processes involved.