Clinicians’ perceptions of factors contributing to complexity and intensity of care of outpatients with traumatic brain injury

Abstract

Primary objective: This study investigated clinicians’ perceptions on factors linked to patient complexity in traumatic brain injury (TBI) outpatient rehabilitation.

Method: Twelve clinicians from various disciplines, working in TBI outpatient programmes from three rehabilitation institutions in Montreal, Quebec, were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling. Data was collected through focus groups and individual interviews and thematic analysis was used to identify themes.

Main outcomes and results: Participants identified complexity factors falling under the following themes: sequelae of TBI (cognitive/behavioural/psychological impacts), personal factors (personality traits, pre-medical state, lifestyle and age), patients’ environment (architectural, social, language, cultural and financial) and therapeutic relationship (mismatch, misunderstanding and personality clashes). Clinicians also reported facilitators to optimal treatment delivery such as quality of services and working in an interdisciplinary team. Limited time, training and resources were identified as barriers to treatment.

Conclusion: A substantial proportion of patients in outpatient TBI programmes seem to follow an atypical evolution and exhibit added complexity. In order to optimize quality of care, clinicians recommended increased community awareness about TBI, increased resources for rehabilitation clinicians and specialized services post-discharge. These findings are insightful for stakeholders; providing a basis for discussions on policy changes that can better meet this population’s needs.

• Clinicians perception
• co-morbidities
• complexity
• community services
• complexity determinants
• continuum of care
• cultural barriers
• environmental barriers
• funding sources barriers
• heavy case
• outpatient rehabilitation
• pre-TBI situation
• sequelae
• TBI awareness
• TBI diagnosis
• TBI severity
• therapeutic relationship
• Traumatic brain injury

Acknowledgements

We are appreciative of all of the clinicians and the research co-ordinators from the three rehabilitation institutions who contributed to the study. This study was approved by the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal