The Dual-Oscillator System of Drosophila melanogaster Under Natural-Like Temperature Cycles

Abstract

Dual-oscillator systems that control morning and evening activities can be found in a wide range of animals. The two coupled oscillators track dawn and dusk and flexibly adapt their phase relationship to seasonal changes. This is also true for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that serves as model organism to understand the molecular and anatomical bases of the dual-oscillator system. In the present study, the authors investigated which temperature parameters are crucial for timing morning and evening activity peaks by applying natural-like temperature cycles with different daylengths. The authors found that the morning peak synchronizes to the temperature increase in the morning and the evening peak to the temperature decrease in the afternoon. The two peaks did not occur at fixed absolute temperatures, but responded flexibly to daylength and overall temperature level. Especially, the phase of the evening peak clearly depended on the absolute temperature level: it was delayed at high temperatures, whereas the phase of the M peak was less influenced. This suggests that the two oscillators have different temperature sensitivities. The bimodal activity rhythm was absent in the circadian clock mutants Clk^Jrk and cyc⁰¹ and reduced in per⁰¹ and tim⁰¹ mutants. Whereas the activity of Clk^Jrk mutants just followed the temperature cycles, that of per⁰¹ and tim⁰¹ mutants did not, suggesting that these mutants are not completely clockless. This study revealed new characteristics of the dual-oscillator system in Drosophila that were not detected under different photoperiods. (Author correspondence: [email protected])

Keywords:

• Circadian rhythm
• Clock
• Daylength
• Drosophila melanogaster
• Locomotor activity
• period
• Temperature cycle
• Temperature entrainment
• timeless

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Christiane Hermann for comments on the manuscript. C.H.-F. acknowledges financial support from the European Community (the 6th Framework Project EUCLOCK no. 018741).

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.