Wrist Skin Temperature, Motor Activity, and Body Position as Determinants of the Circadian Pattern of Blood Pressure

Abstract

Although the circadian blood pressure (BP) pattern has been extensively studied, the determinants of this rhythm are not fully understood. Peripheral vasodilatation is a regulatory mechanism for BP maintenance. However, it remains to be established whether the increase of nocturnal distal skin temperature associated with heat loss could also reflect the dipping status. For the first time, this paper investigates the relationship between BP and skin wrist temperature (WT), to evaluate whether the WT circadian rhythm can serve as screening procedure to detect dipping/non-dipping BP patterns. In addition, the authors compare the relationship between WT and other variables previously described as determinants of the BP pattern, such as physical activity and body position. Measurements of WT, motor activity, and body position for 5 d, plus ambulatory BP for 24-h during that span, were obtained from 28 diurnally active normotensive volunteers. WT was negatively correlated, whereas activity and body position were positively correlated, with systolic and diastolic BPs. However, these relationships were stronger during the rest than activity phase. In addition, a 78.6% concordance was detected between the observed dips in BP and the predicted BP pattern calculated based on the WT rhythm. Thus, these results suggest that the increase in WT produced by heat loss during the rest phase through peripheral skin blood vessels is the result of blood vessel vasodilatation reflexes in response to a shift from a standing to a supine position, together with shift in the circadian sympathetic/parasympathetic balance (nocturnal parasympathetic activation). In conclusion, WT could be considered as a potential new screening procedure to implement the diagnosis of non-dipping BP pattern. (Author correspondence: [email protected])

Keywords:

• Activity
• Ambulatory monitoring
• Blood pressure
• Body position
• Circadian rhythm
• Dippers
• Non-dippers
• Sleep-wake cycle
• Wrist temperature

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RETICEF, RD06/0013/0019, RD06/0013/1020), the Ministry of Education and Science (BFU2010-21945-C02-01), the Seneca Foundation (12005/PI/09), the CDTi (IDI-2010.001), and the University of Murcia for the research fellowship awarded to Antonio Martinez-Nicolas. The authors would like to thank Imanol Martínez for his kind revision of the manuscript.

Declaration of Interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.