Early- and Late-Emerging Drosophila melanogaster Fruit Flies Differ in Their Sensitivity to Light During Morning and Evening

Abstract

The authors derived early and late populations of fruit flies showing increased incidence of emergence during morning or evening hours by imposing selection for timing of emergence under 12:12 h light/dark (LD) cycles. From previous studies, it was clear that the increased incidence of adult emergence during morning and evening hours in early and late populations was a result of evolution of divergent and characteristic emergence waveforms in these populations. Such characteristic waveforms are henceforth referred to as “evolved emergence waveforms” (EEWs). The early and late populations also evolved different circadian clocks, which is evident from the divergence in their clock period (τ) and photic phase response curve (PRC). Although correlation between emergence waveforms and clock properties suggests functional significance of circadian clocks, τ and PRCs do not satisfactorily explain the early and late emergence phenotypes. In order to understand the functional significance of the PRC for early and late emergence phenotypes, the authors investigated whether circadian clocks of these flies exhibit any difference in photosensitivity under entrained conditions. Such differences would suggest that the light requirement for circadian entrainment of the emergence rhythm in early and late populations is different. To test this, they examined if early and late flies differ in their light utilization behavior, first by assaying their emergence rhythm under complete photoperiod and then in three different skeleton photoperiods. The results showed that early and late populations require different durations of light during the morning and evening to achieve their EEWs, suggesting that for the circadian entrainment of the emergence rhythm, early and late flies utilize light from different parts of the day. (Author correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected])

Keywords:

• Adult emergence
• Circadian rhythm
• Drosophila
• Entrainment
• Light
• Selection

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Nisha and Pankaj for assistance during the population maintenance and assays. We also thank Sheeba Vasu for many very helpful discussions and suggestions for improvement of the manuscript. We thank two anonymous reviewers for suggesting improvements to our manuscript. K.M.V. would like to thank the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for financial support in the form of a research fellowship.

Declaration of Interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.