Narcissism and Leadership: Some Differences in Male and Female Leaders

Abstract

From the Greek myth about Narcissus and Echo, the author develops some modern aspects of normal and pathologic narcissism. Narcissism is part of a normal developmental phase and reflects the universal need during early childhood, and later in life, to be loved and confirmed. However, there are many possibilities for being hurt in the course of this developmental phase, and this experience will leave the individual with a narcissistic vulnerability. One way of handling this is to develop a pathologic narcissism, the most prominent characteristics of which are egocentricity, extreme sensitivity to criticism, strong projective tendencies, lack of empathy, and fantasies of grandiosity, open or concealed. The need for power may be compensatory for inner powerlessness and lack of self-esteem. A leader will be more or less influenced by the role he plays and by group processes in the organization. Today's leaders are often influenced by criticism from inside and outside, and this may foster narcissistic defences. Male leaders show greater tendencies to pathologic narcissism, whereas female leaders are more inclined to renounce their role. Some research indicates that successful female leaders have all had very good relationships with their fathers. The differences between males and females in this area brings the author back to the Greek myth. He also asks whether some of these differences may be the result of the different treatment given by mothers to sons and daughters.

Key Words:

• Narcissism
• Leadership
• Sex differences