Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae) enhances the phenotypic and functional maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their antigen-presentation function

Abstract

Decoctions of Phyllanthus niruri (PN) (Fam. Euphorbiaceae) is promoted in traditional medicine of Africa, Asia, and South America as beneficial supplement for different infectious diseases, especially for viral hepatitis, tumor, and for immune compromised patients. This stimulated the interest in understanding the mechanisms by which the whole extract of the plant could stimulate the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells and provide a link between the innate and the adaptive immune responses. In the present study, the effects of lyophilized aqueous extract of PN on structural and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) were investigated. Bone marrow cells were cultured in the presence of granulocyte macrophage–colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the generated immature DCs were stimulated with PN (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) or lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/mL) for 48 h. Results showed that treatment with PN increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex-II and the various makers for DCs maturation (CD40), activation (CD83), and costimulation (CD86) in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent with the increase in phenotypic makers, functional maturation assay showed that treatment of BM-DCs with PN caused a decrease in fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran pinocytosis and an increase in IL-12 in the supernatant. In a transgenic T-cell activation model, PN-treated BM-DCs presented Ova antigen to Ova-specific CD8⁺ T cells from OT-1 mice more efficiently as demonstrated by increased T-cells proliferation and IL-2 production. Therefore, PN enhances the structural and functional maturation of BM-DCs and their antigen-presenting function. These effects are relevant in immunodeficient conditions, tumor control, and in infectious diseases.

Keywords:

• Antigen presentation
• DCs maturation
• dendritic cells
• phenotypic makers
• phyllanthus niruri

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for the postdoctoral fellowship sponsorships to C. S. Nworu.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.