Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus in two patients with extreme B-cell lymphopenia: importance of immunomonitoring and avoidance of B-cell targeted therapy

Abstract

Introduction: Because dysfunction of the B-cell compartment is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there has been a recent focus on therapies that target humoral immunity via multiple mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the importance of immunomonitoring in two cases with class II lupus nephritis on steroids who presented with a flare-up of disease. After a thorough work-up for infectious triggers of disease activity, conversion to another histopathological class of lupus nephritis was suspected. Deterioration of the patients’ clinical condition made kidney biopsy impossible, and as B-cell targeted therapy was considered, we decided to perform an immunophenotypic analysis and to tailor therapy to the results of the lymphocyte profile. As we incidentally found extremely low B-cell counts, any B-cell–targeted therapy was prohibited, and cyclophosphamide (Cy) was considered a viable therapeutic option.

Methods: We performed flow-cytometric lymphocyte (Ly) phenotyping (CD19, CD3, CD3CD4, CD3CD8, CD56/16) on two patients with class II lupus nephritis before and after two intravenous (i.v.) Cy pulse administrations. During all this time, patients were on steroids.

Results: Both patients showed extreme B-cell lymphopenia, a marker of active SLE, which was not greatly impacted by the treatment over the follow-up period.

Conclusions: As current therapies are aimed at targeting the B cell, an important component of adaptive immunity, caution must be exercised before their use. In addition, monitoring of Ly subsets is essential due to the occurrence of extreme B-cell lymphopenia.

Keywords::

• B-cell
• cyclophosphamide
• lupus nephritis
• SLE

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to Dr. Adalbert Schiller from the Dialysis Department for his clinical support.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no declarations of interest.