Systematic review of pleural plaques and lung function

Abstract

Context: US EPA proposed a Reference Concentration for Libby amphibole asbestos based on the premise that pleural plaques are adverse and cause lung function deficits.

Objective: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate whether there is an association between pleural plaques and lung function and ascertain whether results were dependent on the method used to identify plaques.

Methods: Using the PubMed database, we identified studies that evaluated pleural plaques and lung function. We assessed each study for quality, then integrated evidence and assessed associations based on the Bradford Hill guidelines. We also compared the results of HRCT studies to those of X-ray studies.

Results: We identified 16 HRCT and 36 X-ray studies. We rated six HRCT and 16 X-ray studies as higher quality based on a risk-of-bias analysis. Half of the higher quality studies reported small but statistically significant mean lung function decrements associated with plaques. None of the differences were clinically significant. Many studies had limitations, such as inappropriate controls and/or insufficient adjustment for confounders. There was little consistency in the direction of effect for the most commonly reported measurements. X-ray results were more variable than HRCT results. Pleural plaques were not associated with changes in lung function over time in longitudinal studies.

Conclusion: The weight of evidence indicates that pleural plaques do not impact lung function. Observed associations are most likely due to unidentified abnormalities or other factors.

• Asbestos
• FEV
• FVC
• high-resolution computed tomography
• lung function
• pleural plaques
• X-ray

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Joseph M. King and Sara Pacheco Shubin for technical assistance, and Bethany M. Allen, Shelby L. Condray, Jasmine Lai and Carla A. Walker for assistance with graphics and manuscript preparation.

Declaration of interest

The authors are employed by Gradient, a private environmental consulting firm, and the University of Rochester, School of Medicine, a private medical school. The work reported in this paper was conducted by the authors during the normal course of employment with financial support provided by W.R. Grace & Co. The authors have the sole responsibility for the writing, content, and conclusions in this article.

Notes

¹Although HRCT scans are preferred for this purpose, X-rays may be more appropriate in the clinical setting. This is because HRCT scans are more costly and may identify benign nodules that then require repeated testing, causing unnecessary radiation exposure (Maxim et al., 2014).