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Abstract
An age-stratified, cross-sectional study was conducted in the US among healthy adult male cigarette smokers, moist snuff consumers, and non-tobacco consumers to evaluate cardiovascular biomarkers of biological effect (BoBE). Physiological assessments included flow-mediated dilation, ankle-brachial index, carotid intima-media thickness and expired carbon monoxide. Approximately one-half of the measured serum BoBE showed statistically significant differences; IL-12(p70), sICAM-1 and IL-8 were the BoBE that best differentiated among the three groups. A significant difference in ABI was observed between the cigarette smokers and non-tobacco consumer groups. Significant group and age effect differences in select biomarkers were identified.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express gratitude to Drs Paul Harp, Serban Moldoveanu and Thomas Griggs for their critical review of this article. We would also like to thank David Heavner, Thomas Steichen and Celerion for their participation in and contributions to this study.
Declaration of interest
All authors are current or former employees of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and RAI Services Company and declare no competing interest.