Habituation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis hormones to repeated homotypic stress and subsequent heterotypic stressor exposure in male and female rats

Abstract

Understanding potential sex differences in repeated stress-induced hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis habituation could provide insight into the sex-biased prevalence of certain affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. Therefore in these studies, male and female rats were exposed to 30 min of either audiogenic or restraint stress daily for 10 days in order to determine whether sex regulates the extent to which HPA axis hormone release is attenuated upon repeated homotypic stressor presentation. In response to the initial exposure, both stressors robustly increased plasma concentrations of both adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) in both sexes. Acutely, females displayed higher ACTH and CORT concentrations following restraint stress, whereas males exhibited higher hormone concentrations following loud noise stress. HPA axis hormone responses to both stressors decreased incrementally over successive days of exposure to each respective stressor. Despite the differential effect of sex on acute hormone responses, the extent to which HPA axis hormone response was attenuated did not differ between male and female animals following either stressor. Furthermore, ACTH and CORT responses to a novel environment were not affected by prior exposure to stress of either modality in either male or female rats. These experiments demonstrate that despite the acute stress response, male and female rats exhibit similar habituation of HPA axis hormones upon repeated homotypic stressor presentations, and that exposure to repeated stress does not produce exaggerated HPA axis hormone responses to a novel environment in either female or male rats.

• ACTH
• corticosterone
• glucocorticoids
• HPA axis
• noise
• novelty
• restraint
• sex differences

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Robert Spencer (University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience) for generously providing the restraint tubes used in this experiment and for his invaluable support of this work. The authors would also like to thank Laura Hinds (University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience) with technological assistance.