Smoking and perceived stress in relation to short salivary telomere length among caregivers of children with disabilities

Abstract

Telomere length (TL), the length of repeated DNA sequence that forms protective caps at the end of chromosomes, has emerged as a novel biomarker of cell aging and oxidative stress. There is increasing research exploring the associations of smoking and perceived stress with TL, and the results are inconsistent. This study aimed to examine whether smoking and perceived stress were associated with shortened salivary TL among primary caregivers of children with disabilities. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, salivary TL was assessed among 89 caregivers aged 19–69 years (87% were women) who took care of disabled children in the Patagonia Region, Chile. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. The 14-item Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess perceived stress. Mean relative TL was 0.92 (standard error = 0.03). Smokers had age-adjusted mean TL that was 0.07 units lower (β = −0.07, standard error = 0.03; p = 0.012) than non-smokers. Smokers were 2.17 times more likely to have shorter TL ( < 0.73, the lowest quartile of TL) than non-smokers (odds ratio = 3.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.05–9.52) with adjustment for age and perceived stress. Caregivers with higher perceived stress were 2.13 times more likely to have shorter TL (odds ratio = 3.13; 95% confidence interval = 1.03–9.55) than caregivers with lower perceived stress after adjustment for age and smoking. This study provides the first evidence of strong associations between smoking and perceived stress and shortened salivary TL among caregivers of children with disabilities. Larger studies with detailed information on smoking status are warranted to confirm our findings.

• Biomarker
• caregiver
• child with a disability
• saliva
• smoking
• stress
• telomere length

Acknowledgements

We thank all the children and their caregivers participating in the study. We also thank Ms. Patrice Soule and Dr. Jennifer Prescott for assistance collecting telomere length data, and Dr. Marta Crousbou for assistance with telomere length data analysis.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. This research was supported by awards from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities: T37-MD001449; 2R01 CA082838), the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS): 8UL1TR000170-05), and the Rose Traveling Award.