![Sample our Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5944/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Medicine-Dentistry-Nursing-Allied-Health.jpg"})
Abstract
We review literature that provides insights on health-related effects observed in laboratory-based inhalation studies in humans and laboratory animals using concentrated ambient air particulate matter (CAPs) in the fine, thoracic coarse, and ultrafine size ranges. The CAPs studies are highly informative on the health effects of ambient air particulate matter (PM) because they represent realistic PM exposure mixtures. When PM components are also analyzed and regressed against the effects, they can sometimes be used to identify influential individual components or source-related mixtures responsible for the effects. Such CAPs inhalation studies are analogous to epidemiological studies of human populations for which both health-related effects were observed and PM composition data were available for multi-pollutant regression analyses or source apportionment. Various acute and chronic health-related effects have occurred in short- and long-term CAPs inhalation studies in the cardiovascular, nervous, hepatic, and pulmonary systems, as well as changes in markers of the metabolic syndrome, and many correspond to effects associated with ambient air PM exposures in epidemiological studies. In addition, many CAPs studies have been conducted in coordination with in vitro studies that have identified biomarkers indicative of the underlying biological mechanisms that account for the responses.
Acknowledgments
The extensive literature summarized in this critical review includes a considerable number of papers that were described previously in a review of metal toxicology in Inhalation Toxicology (CitationChen & Lippmann, 2009), as well as descriptive material on a 2004 CAPs Workshop (Lippmann et al., 2005). We also acknowledge the presubmission review comments and suggestions made by our friends and colleagues: John Bachmann, William F. McDonnell Jr., and Terry Gordon.
Declaration of interest: The authors acknowledge the support they received from a Center Grant (ES 00260) from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), a research grant from NIEHS (R01 ES015495), and a research grant from the Health Effects Institute. One of the authors, M.L., is currently serving on a US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee Panel on Particulate Matter that is reviewing the science, including research findings on CAPs, under-girding potential revision of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. The authors prepared this review during the normal course of their emplyment as noted on the cover page, and have sole responsibility for the writing and content of the paper.
| Glossary | ||
| 8-oxodG | = | 8-hydropxydeoxyguanosine |
| A-II | = | angiotensin II |
| ABS | = | absorbance (of light by BC on a sampling filter) |
| AHR | = | airway hyperresponsiveness |
| ApoE−/− | = | apolipoprotein A deficient (knockout) mouse |
| BAD | = | brachial artery diameter |
| BAL | = | bronchoalveolar lavage |
| BALF | = | bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
| BC | = | black carbon, a.k.a. soot, measured as light absorbance by, or reflectance of, a sampling filter |
| BP | = | blood pressure |
| Br | = | bromine |
| CA | = | California |
| CAPs | = | concentrated ambient air particles/concentrated ambient air particulate matter |
| Cd | = | cadmium |
| CDP | = | concentrated diesel particles |
| CFA | = | coal fly ash |
| CHD | = | coronary heart disease |
| CI | = | confidence interval |
| CO | = | carbon monoxide |
| COPD | = | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CPZ | = | capsazepine |
| Cr | = | chromium |
| CRP | = | C-reactive protein |
| Cu | = | copper |
| CYP | = | cytochrome P450 isoenzyme |
| DEG | = | Diesel exhaust gases |
| DEP | = | Diesel exhaust particles |
| EC | = | elemental carbon |
| ECG | = | electrocardiogram or electrocardiographic |
| ED | = | emergency department |
| eNO | = | exhaled nitric oxide |
| eNOS | = | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
| EPA | = | Environmental Protection Agency |
| EST | = | environmental tobacco smoke |
| ET-A | = | endothelin A |
| FA | = | filtered air |
| Fe | = | iron |
| FEV1 | = | forced expiratory volume in 1 s |
| FMD | = | flow-mediated dilatation |
| FVC | = | forced vital capacity |
| GFAP | = | glial fibrillary acidic protein |
| GPx-1 | = | glutathione peroxidase 1 |
| HDL | = | high-density lipoprotein |
| HEI | = | Health Effects Institute |
| HO-1 | = | heme oxygenase-1 |
| HR | = | heart rate |
| HRV | = | heart rate variability |
| HSPH | = | Harvard School of Public Health |
| IgE | = | immunoglobulin E |
| IgG1 | = | immunoglobulin G1 |
| IL-1 | = | interleuken-1 |
| IL-13 | = | interleuken-13 is a cytokine secreted by many cell types, but especially T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells[1], that is an important mediator of allergic inflammation and disease. |
| IL-5 | = | interleuken-5 |
| IL-6 | = | interleuken-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response to trauma, especially burns or other tissue damage leading to inflammation. |
| IL-8 | = | interleuken-8 is a chemokine (ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells) produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. |
| iNOS | = | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
| IT | = | intratracheal |
| JNK | = | c-Jun amino-terminal kinase |
| K | = | potassium |
| LDH | = | lactate dehydrogenase |
| LYM | = | lymphocyte |
| MA | = | Massachusetts |
| MCT | = | monocrotaline |
| MEF | = | mid-expiratory flow rate |
| MESA | = | Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis |
| MI | = | myocardial infarction |
| MMAD | = | mass median aerodynamic diameter |
| mRNA | = | messenger RNA |
| MS | = | metabolic syndrome |
| NAC | = | N-Acetylcystine |
| NADPH | = | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NAFLD | = | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NC | = | North Carolina |
| NF-κB | = | nuclear factor kappa B |
| NHANES III | = | Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey |
| Ni | = | nickel |
| NIST | = | National Institute of Science and Technology |
| NMD | = | nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation |
| NMMAPS | = | National Morbidity and Mortality Air Pollution Study |
| NO2 | = | nitric dioxide |
| NY | = | New York |
| NYC | = | New York City |
| NYU | = | New York University |
| O3 | = | ozone |
| OC | = | organic carbon |
| OVA | = | ovalbumin |
| P450 1B1 | = | cytochrome P4501B1 isoenzyme |
| PAH | = | polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon |
| PC | = | total particle counts |
| Pdur | = | P duration, time interval between the beginning and the end of the P-wave |
| PEF | = | peak expiratory flow rate |
| PM | = | particulate matter |
| PM0.18 | = | PM with diameters <0.18 μm, a practical pseudo-ultrafine aerosol |
| PM10 | = | PM with aerodynamic diameters <10 μm |
| PM10-2.5 | = | PM with aerodynamic diameters between 2.5 and 10 μm, a.k.a. coarse thoracic PM |
| PM2.5 | = | PM with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 μm, a.k.a. fine PM |
| PMN | = | polymorphonuclear leukocyte, neutrophil |
| PON-1 | = | paraoxonase-1 |
| PP | = | pulse pressure |
| PPAR-γ | = | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
| ppb | = | parts per billion |
| Pt | = | platinum |
| QT interval | = | interval between Q- and T-waves of a normal ECG tracing |
| R-R interval | = | interval between two adjacent R waves of a normal ECG tracing |
| RBC | = | red blood cell |
| RMSSD | = | root mean square of the standard deviation of normal to normal beat |
| ROFA | = | residual oil fly ash |
| ROS | = | reactive oxygen species |
| RR | = | relative risk |
| RTP | = | Research Triangle Park |
| RTp | = | time interval between the peak of the R-wave and the peak of the T-wave |
| SBP | = | systolic blood pressure |
| SD | = | Sprague-Dawley (rat) |
| SDNN | = | standard deviation of normal to normal beat |
| SEARCH | = | Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization |
| SH | = | spontaneously hypertensive (rat) |
| SHR | = | spontaneously hypertensive rat |
| SO2 | = | sulfur dioxide |
| SO42− | = | sulfate ion |
| SOA | = | secondary organic aerosol |
| SOD | = | superoxide dismutase |
| SRM | = | Standard Reference Material |
| SS | = | sidestream smoke |
| ST segment | = | in ECG tracing, ST segment starts at the J point (junction between the QRS complex and ST segment) and ends at the beginning of the T-wave |
| T-wave | = | T-wave of ECG tracing. It connects the QRS complex and the T-wave. |
| TBARS | = | thiobarbituric reactive substances |
| TF | = | tissue factor |
| TNF | = | tumor necrosis factor |
| Tpe | = | time interval between the peak of the T-wave and the end of the T-wave |
| TSP | = | total suspended particles |
| UBM | = | ultrasound biomicroscopy |
| μCB | = | ultrafine carbon black |
| UFP | = | ultrafine particles, usually defined as PM with diameters <0.1 μm |
| UPR | = | unfolded protein response |
| USC | = | University of Southern California |
| V | = | vanadium |
| vWF | = | von Willebrand factor |
| WBC | = | white blood cell |
| WDE | = | whole diesel exhaust |
| WKY | = | Wistar-Kyoto (rat), usually used as control for the SHR |
| XRF | = | x-ray fluorescence |
| Zn | = | zinc |