Inhibition of Myeloma Cell Growth by All-Trans Retinoic Acid is Associated with Upregulatidn of p21 and Dephosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma Protein

Abstract

Retinoic acid and dexamethasone, in combination, inhibit the growth of human myeloma cell lines in a synergistic manner. Previously, we observed that all-trans retinoic acid (ATR4) caused G1 arrest and inhibited clonogenic growth of the OPM-2 human myeloma cell line. This was associated with downregulation of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) gp80 protein, while autocrine IL-6 production and gp130 were not affected. Growth inhibition was not reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-6 or forced, constitutive expression of the IL-6 receptor gp80 protein, suggesting that the mechanism of action of ATRA may be due to effects on the post-receptor pathway. Therefore, in this study we have investigated whether growth arrest was associated with changes in the level of phosphorylation of the RE3 protein. ATRA decreased the level of phosphorylation of the RB protein at doses > 5 × 10⁻⁹ M and also induced a five fold increase in p2l^WAF1, while levels of p27^KIPI and CDK2 were unchanged. The ATRA-mediated increase in p21 preceded the change in RB phosphorylation and G1 arrest and was not reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-6. The levels of CDK2 activity were inhibited approximately 60% in Am-treated cells, suggesting that the increased p21 levels were sufficient to inhibit CDK activity and cause RE3 hypophosphorylation. Increased levels of p21 have recently been observed in human myeloma cells exposed to dexamethasone, and we suggest that the common ability of these two agents to inhibit myeloma cell growth depends on their induction of p21.

Key Words:

• Myeloma cells
• growth inhibition
• all-trans retinoic acid
• p21^WAF1 retinoblastoma protein