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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Do Psychological Variables Mediate Sex Differences in Young Adults’ Alcohol Use?

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Pages 552-559 | Published online: 01 Sep 2010
 

Abstract

This study applied an extended theory of planned behavior to test whether psychological variables mediate sex differences in alcohol consumption in social contexts. Questionnaires of 300 young adults (urban, mean age 25 years, 49% female) were collected in 2007 prior to a sociable drinking occasion; consumption data were obtained through telephone interviews thereafter. The multiple-path mediation model was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Sex differences in alcohol consumption, which were considerable, were partly mediated by the significant specific indirect effects of subjective norms through intention and of self-efficacy through both intention and willingness. Body weight was not a significant mediator. Limitations are noted and implications for future research are discussed.

RÉSUMÉ

Les Différences Entre Les Sexes Quant à La Consommation D’alcool Chez Les Jeunes Adultes Sont-Elles Induites Par Des Variables Psychologiques?

Cette étude analyse, en se basant sur une théorie élargie du comportement planifié, le rôle éventuel de facteurs psychologiques dans les différences entre les sexes quant à la consommation d’alcool. En 2007, des données ont été recueillies auprès de 300 jeunes adultes (dont 49% de femmes, habitant en milieu urbain et âgés en moyenne de 25 ans) au moyen de questionnaires avant une soirée conviviale le week-end ; ils ont été ensuite interrogés par téléphone sur les boissons qu’ils avaient consommées. Le modèle de médiation multiple a été vérifié au moyen de la modélisation par équations structurelles. Les différences, considérables, entre les sexes quant à la consommation d’alcool ont été partiellement induites par les effets indirects, spécifiques et significatifs de la norme subjective via l’intention et l’auto-efficacité perçue ainsi que via l’intention et la disponibilité comportementale. Le poids de la personne n’a pas été un médiateur significatif. Les limites et implications pour la recherche future sont discutées.

RESUMEN

¿Existen Variables Psicológicas Que Median Las Diferencias De Género En El Consumo De Alcohol De Adultos Jóvenes?

Este estudio comprueba la mediación de diferencias de género en el consumo de alcohol aplicando una teoría extendida del comportamiento planificado. En el 2007 fueron colectados 300 cuestionarios de adultos jóvenes (urbanos, edad promedio de 25 años, 49% mujeres) antes de una ocasión sociable con bebida el fin de semana. Después de este fin de semana estas personas fueron preguntadas por teléfono sobre las bebidas consumidas. El modelo de la mediación múltiple fue analizado mediante el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Las considerables diferencias de género que se presentaron en el consumo de alcohol fueron mediadas parcialmente por los efectos indirectos específicos significantes de la norma subjetiva a través de la intención y la autoeficacia percibida mediante la intención y la disposición. El peso corporal no ha sido un mediador significante. Se están discutiendo los límites e implicaciones para la investigación futura.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Werden Geschlechtsdifferenzen im Alkoholkonsum junger Erwachsener durch psychologische Variablen vermittelt?

Diese Studie prüft die Mediation von Geschlechtsdifferenzen im Alkoholkonsum anhand einer erweiterten Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens. Es wurden Fragebögen an 300 jungen Erwachsenen (städtisch, mittleres Alter 25 Jahre, 49% Frauen) in 2007, vor einem geselligen Abend am Wochenende, erhoben; nach dem Wochenende wurden sie in Telefon-Interviews zu den von ihnen konsumierten Getränken befragt. Das Modell multipler Mediation wurde mittels Strukturgleichungsmodellierung geprüft. Die erheblichen Geschlechtsunterschiede im Alkoholkonsum wurden partiell mediiert durch die signifikanten spezifischen indirekten Effekte der subjektiven Norm über die Intention und der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung sowohl über die Intention als auch über die Verhaltensbereitschaft. Das Körpergewicht war kein signifikanter Mediator. Grenzen und Implikationen für die zukünftige Forschung werden diskutiert.

THE AUTHORS

Friederike Zimmermann, Dipl. Psych., is a doctoral candidate, and is working at the Psychological Institute, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany. She teaches courses in health psychology and in the psychology of individual differences. Her current research interests include alcohol use among young adults with a focus on the augmentation of socio-cognitive theories and on gender; she has also worked on determinants of health-related behaviors and health-related quality of life.

Dr. Monika Sieverding is a full professor at the Ruprecht-Karls-University in Heidelberg, Germany. She is head of the Department of Gender Studies and Health Psychology at the Psychological Institute. In her research Dr. Sieverding examines psychological factors that influence health-relevant behavior, such as preventive behavior, cancer screening, alcohol consumption, reckless driving, or fruit and vegetable intake. A special focus of her research deals with gender roles and social norms and their influence on health-relevant behavior.

Notes

3 The outcome of alcohol consumption in this re-analysis was represented by blood alcohol concentration including the sex-specific proportion of body water and being adjusted for differences in body weight and the alcohol metabolism during the drinking period. The model (without body weight, but all other parameters held equal to the previous model) fitted the data well, χ2 = 6.98, df = 4, p = .14; CFI = 1.00, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .02.

4 Alcohol consumption of the sexes is beginning to converge through an increase in girls’ and women's drinking in some of the alcohol measures used and some of the countries studied, for example in Finland (Bloomfield et al., Citation2001), Sweden (Bergmark, Citation2004), the USA (Keyes et al., Citation2008), and New Zealand (McPherson, Casswell, & Pledger, Citation2004), and already seems to have converged in the UK (cf. Plant, Citation2008). The social role theory (Eagly et al., Citation2000) may explain such a process: With shifting roles towards gender equality, most sex differences in peoples’ expectations about appropriate behavior and in actual behavior should disappear. With regard to alcohol consumption, the convergence hypothesis states that in the course of the emancipation process, in which women have started to move into professions and lifestyles similar to those of men, they should adopt drinking patterns of men as well (cf. Bloomfield et al., Citation2001).

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