Tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in smokers in the united states: NHANES 2007–2008

Abstract

The tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), has been measured in urine samples from all participants aged 6 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008. Participants with a serum cotinine concentration of ≥10 ng/mL were identified as tobacco users, primarily cigarette smokers. Regression models were developed to calculate geometric mean NNAL concentrations adjusted for serum cotinine, urinary creatinine, cigarettes per day, and Federal Trade Commission tar values of the cigarettes smoked. Significant differences were found by gender (p = 0.003) and race/ethnicity (p = 0.022 for non-Hispanic white versus non-Hispanic black smokers), but not by menthol type of the cigarettes. Females and non-Hispanic white smokers had the highest adjusted means for urinary NNAL (353 and 336 pg/mL, respectively). The results from this study demonstrated significant relationships between NNAL concentrations and serum cotinine (p < 0.001) and urine creatinine (p < 0.001). The joint effect of linear and quadratic terms for number of cigarettes smoked per day was also statistically significant (p = 0.001). In addition to addressing current NNK exposure levels, these results will form a baseline for future estimates of tobacco users’ exposure to this carcinogen.

Key words::

• NNAL
• NNK
• 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
• TSNA
• NHANES
• smoking
• tobacco

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Brandon Bunker, Leah Henderson, LaQuasha Gaddes and Dr. Meng Xu who provided assistance in the analysis of urinary NNAL by LC tandem mass spectrometry.

Declaration of interests

The authors report no declarations of interest.

Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.