Abstract
Urological laparoscopic surgery is currently undergoing a rapid phase of exploration to define the limits of this type of surgery. One necessity is the abdication of the human camera assistant. The drawbacks of a cameraman include fatigability, surgical anticipation, wandering imagery, and magnified-wobbling electronic fields. To circumvent all of these problems for urological surgery, an engineer and a urologist have integrated a pneumatically controlled robotic arm to supplant the human factor during laparoscopic surgery.
Key Words: