Abstract
Candida albicans produces an immunomodulatory oxylipin from arachidonic acid that is structurally identical to host prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In terms of host immune responses, PGE2 can promote Th2 responses, which are non-protective against fungal infections. We investigated the effect of host or fungal PGE2 on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) cytokine production, and the ability to immunize mice against systemic infection with C. albicans. We used GM-CSF to produce myeloid DCs (GM-DCs) and FLT-3L to enrich for plasmacytoid DCs (FL-DCs). In the presence of hyphae, PGE2 promoted Th2 cytokine production and suppressed Th1 cytokine production. Immunization with yeast-pulsed DCs but not hyphae-pulsed DCs lead to a reduction in kidney fungal burden during systemic infection, which was most dramatic with FL-DCs. However, exposure to either host or fungal PGE2 during antigenic stimulation abrogated the ability of yeast-pulsed DCs to protect against infection. The lack of protection was associated with a trend towards reduced Th1 cytokines and increased Th2 cytokines in the spleen. However, the pattern of protection did not completely match cytokine expression. Locally, in FL-DC pulsed mice, reduced Th1 and exacerbated Th2 and Th17 cytokines were only detected in the kidneys of mice that did not show reductions in fungal burden after vaccination. This indicates that host or fungal PGE2 can shift adaptive responses in favor of the pathogen and that uncontrolled Th17 responses are detrimental during systemic infection.
Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
This paper was first published online on Early Online on 17 November 2010.