Ciprofloxacin: review on developments in synthetic, analytical, and medicinal aspects

Abstract

In the current practices of antiinfective therapy, ciprofloxacin is a very popular fluoroquinolone having a broad spectrum of activity and diverse therapeutic prospects. The reasons for its wide use include multiresistant pathogens susceptible only to ciprofloxacin. The available clinical evidence suggests the potentially enhanced efficacy of this drug in the treatment of various community acquired and nosocomial infections, e.g. respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin infections and sexually transmitted diseases. As compared to other agents of its class, the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin demonstrates equivalent or greater bioavailability, higher plasma concentrations, and increased tissue penetration, as reflected in the greater volume of distribution. Various molecular modifications of this drug have been made to further improve its characteristics. Several methods of analytical determination of ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in biological fluids employing various techniques have been reported. The present article is focused on the synthetic development, pharmacotherapeutic, and analytical evaluation vistas of ciprofloxacin.

Keywords::

• Ciprofloxacin
• fluoroquinolone
• analytical
• antibacterial

Acknowledgements

Prof. Om Prakash, Director, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Prof. R.P. Bajpai, Vice Chancellor, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India, are duly acknowledged for providing necessary facilities.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.