Theoretical aspects of autism: Causes—A review

Abstract

Autism, a member of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), has been increasing dramatically since its description by Leo Kanner in 1943. First estimated to occur in 4 to 5 per 10,000 children, the incidence of autism is now 1 per 110 in the United States, and 1 per 64 in the United Kingdom, with similar incidences throughout the world. Searching information from 1943 to the present in PubMed and Ovid Medline databases, this review summarizes results that correlate the timing of changes in incidence with environmental changes. Autism could result from more than one cause, with different manifestations in different individuals that share common symptoms. Documented causes of autism include genetic mutations and/or deletions, viral infections, and encephalitis following vaccination. Therefore, autism is the result of genetic defects and/or inflammation of the brain. The inflammation could be caused by a defective placenta, immature blood-brain barrier, the immune response of the mother to infection while pregnant, a premature birth, encephalitis in the child after birth, or a toxic environment.

Keywords::

• Autism
• autism spectrum disorder
• pervasive developmental disorder

Acknowledgements

Robert B. Sothern PhD, from the University of Minnesota, Erika Papp Faber, and the reference department of the Danbury Public Library, Danbury, CT are gratefully acknowledged for editorial assistance in the preparation of this manuscript and assistance in retrieval of original references.

Declaration of interest

The author reports no conflicts of interest. The author is alone responsible for the content and writing of the paper.