Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) uptake across the gut is poorly understood. In vitro gut sac preparations and isolated perfused intestines were used to investigate the absorption mechanism(s). Exposure of whole gut sacs to 1 mg/l TiO2 NPs for 4 h caused total Ti metal concentrations to increase in the intestine, with 80% or more of the Ti in the mucosa. Perfused intestines showed a saturable time-dependent accumulation of total Ti, which increased when the CO2 in the gas mixture was lowered to 0.5%. Adding cyanide did not stop Ti uptake, and 100 µmol/l vanadate (ATPase inhibitor) caused a 2.8-fold reduction in the net uptake rate of Ti for TiO2 NP exposure. Luminal additions of nystatin (endocytosis inhibitor), blocked the uptake of Ti from both bulk and TiO2 NP treatments. The data demonstrate Ti uptake across the intestine from TiO2 NP exposures, involving CO2-dependent and nystatin-sensitive mechanisms.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Peter Bond, Andrew Atfield and Ben Eynon for technical assistance. Al-Jubory was financially supported by a scholarship from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research via the Embassy of the Republic of Iraq.