Does a global DNA barcoding gap exist in Annelida?

Abstract

Accurate identification of unknown specimens by means of DNA barcoding is contingent on the presence of a DNA barcoding gap, among other factors, as its absence may result in dubious specimen identifications – false negatives or positives. Whereas the utility of DNA barcoding would be greatly reduced in the absence of a distinct and sufficiently sized barcoding gap, the limits of intraspecific and interspecific distances are seldom thoroughly inspected across comprehensive sampling. The present study aims to illuminate this aspect of barcoding in a comprehensive manner for the animal phylum Annelida. All cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences (cox1 gene; the chosen region for zoological DNA barcoding) present in GenBank for Annelida, as well as for “Polychaeta”, “Oligochaeta”, and Hirudinea separately, were downloaded and curated for length, coverage and potential contaminations. The final datasets consisted of 9782 (Annelida), 5545 (“Polychaeta”), 3639 (“Oligochaeta”), and 598 (Hirudinea) cox1 sequences and these were either (i) used as is in an automated global barcoding gap detection analysis or (ii) further analyzed for genetic distances, separated into bins containing intraspecific and interspecific comparisons and plotted in a graph to visualize any potential global barcoding gap. Over 70 million pairwise genetic comparisons were made and results suggest that although there is a tendency towards separation, no distinct or sufficiently sized global barcoding gap exists in either of the datasets rendering future barcoding efforts at risk of erroneous specimen identifications (but local barcoding gaps may still exist allowing for the identification of specimens at lower taxonomic ranks). This seems to be especially true for earthworm taxa, which account for fully 35% of the total number of interspecific comparisons that show 0% divergence.

• Annelida
• cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
• DNA barcoding
• DNA barcoding gap
• specimen identification

Acknowledgements

The author thanks Sophie Brouillet for providing valuable assistance with ABGD and Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Sarah Lemer, Gonzalo Giribet, and an anonymous reviewer for providing important feedback that benefited earlier versions of this manuscript.

Declaration of interest

The author thanks the Wenner-Gren Foundations, Helge Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, the Olle Engkvist Byggmästare Foundation, and the Sixten Gemzéus Foundation for financial support.

Supplementary material available online