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Original Articles

Cannabis as an Adjunct to or Substitute for Opiates in the Treatment of Chronic Pain

Pages 125-133 | Published online: 08 Jun 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (8)

Martin Bastien, Salim Mezaache, Cécile Donadille, Victor Martin, Laurent Appel, Maela Lebrun, Laélia Briand Madrid, Tangui Barré & Perrine Roux. (2023) Exclusive Therapeutic Use of Cannabis in a Large Sample of Daily Cannabis Users in France: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 0:0, pages 1-11.
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Olena Madden, Jessica Walshe, Prem Kishore Patnala, John Barron, Claire Meaney & Patrick Murray. (2023) Phytocannabinoids - An Overview of the Analytical Methodologies for Detection and Quantification of Therapeutically and Recreationally Relevant Cannabis Compounds. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 53:1, pages 211-231.
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Barak Shapira, Ronny Berkovitz, Paola Rosca, Shaul Lev-Ran, Alexander Kaptsan & Yehuda Neumark. (2021) Why Switch? - Motivations for Self-Substitution of Illegal Drugs. Substance Use & Misuse 56:5, pages 627-638.
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Mallory J E Loflin, Kimberly Babson, James Sottile, Sonya B Norman, Staci Gruber & Marcel O Bonn-Miller. (2019) A cross-sectional examination of choice and behavior of veterans with access to free medicinal cannabis. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 45:5, pages 506-513.
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Sara P Khan, Thomas A Pickens & Daniel J Berlau. (2019) Perspectives on Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid Analgesics. Pain Management 9:2, pages 191-203.
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Daniel J. Kruger & Jessica S. Kruger. (2019) Medical Cannabis Users’ Comparisons between Medical Cannabis and Mainstream Medicine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 51:1, pages 31-36.
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Marc T. Swogger, Elaine Hart, Fire Erowid, Earth Erowid, Nicole Trabold, Kaila Yee, Kimberly A. Parkhurst, Brittany M. Priddy & Zach Walsh. (2015) Experiences of Kratom Users: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47:5, pages 360-367.
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Articles from other publishers (69)

Valérie GagnéNathalie BoucherIsabel Desgagné-Penix. (2024) Cannabis Roots: Therapeutic, Biotechnological and Environmental Aspects. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 9:1, pages 35-48.
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Kelvin Le, Joanne Au, Jean Hua & Khang Duy Ricky Le. (2023) The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol in Revolutionising Opioid Use Disorder Management. Cureus.
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Calvin Diep, Akash Goel, Duminda N Wijeysundera, Hance Clarke & Karim S Ladha. (2023) Co-use of cannabis and prescription opioids in adults in the USA: a population-based, cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES from 2009 to 2018. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 48:4, pages 145-149.
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Maha Hameed, Sakshi Prasad, Esha Jain, Bekir Nihat Dogrul, Ahmad Al-Oleimat, Bidushi Pokhrel, Selia Chowdhury, Edzel Lorraine Co, Saloni Mitra, Jonathan Quinonez, Samir Ruxmohan & Joel Stein. (2023) Medical Cannabis for Chronic Nonmalignant Pain Management. Current Pain and Headache Reports 27:4, pages 57-63.
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Ediomo‐Ubong E. Nelson & Chenai Kitchen. (2022) Cannabis use for pain relief in the context of health service barriers: Accounts of street‐involved Nigerian women suffering chronic pain. Drug and Alcohol Review 42:2, pages 309-317.
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Justin Sinclair & Mike Armour. 2023. Medicinal Usage of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Medicinal Usage of Cannabis and Cannabinoids 483 494 .
Beatriz H. Carlini & Gillian L. Schauer. (2022) Cannabis-only use in the USA: prevalence, demographics, use patterns, and health indicators. Journal of Cannabis Research 4:1.
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Islam Shehata, Ahmed Hashim, Ahmed Saad Elsaeidy, Anagha Nair, Ivan Urits, Omar Viswanath, Alan D. Kaye & Marian Habib. (2022) Cannabinoids and Their Role in Chronic Pain Treatment: Current Concepts and a Comprehensive Review. Health Psychology Research 10:4.
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Michał Graczyk, Agata Anna Lewandowska, Piotr Melnyczok, Adam Zgliński & Małgorzata Łukowicz. (2022) Cannabinoids—Perspectives for Individual Treatment in Selected Patients: Analysis of the Case Series. Biomedicines 10:8, pages 1862.
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Daniel J. Kruger, Majd A. MokbelDaniel J. ClauwKevin F. Boehnke. (2022) Assessing Health Care Providers' Knowledge of Medical Cannabis. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 7:4, pages 501-507.
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Markus Köstenberger, Gerhard Nahler, Trevor M. Jones, Stefan Neuwersch & Rudolf Likar. (2021) The Role of Cannabis, Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain. The Perspective of Physicians. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 17:1-2, pages 318-333.
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Richard L. Price, Kaarina V. Charlot, Sven Frieler, Joseph R. Dettori, Rod Oskouian & Jens R. Chapman. (2022) The Efficacy of Cannabis in Reducing Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Global Spine Journal 12:2, pages 343-352.
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Jessica M. Potts, Betelihem Getachew, Milkie Vu, Eric Nehl, Katherine A. Yeager, Corinne R. Leach & Carla J Berg. (2020) Use and Perceptions of Opioids Versus Marijuana among Cancer Survivors. Journal of Cancer Education 37:1, pages 91-101.
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William Dolphin & Michelle Newhart. 2022. Troubled Persons Industries. Troubled Persons Industries 245 287 .
Pradeep Kumar, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Madhu Kamle, Rituraj Borah, Bharti Sharma, Shikha Pandhi, Vijay Tripathi, Hardeo Singh Yadav, Sheetal Devi, Umesh Patil, Jianbo Xiao & Awdhesh Kumar Mishra. (2021) Pharmacological properties, therapeutic potential, and legal status of Cannabis sativa L.: An overview . Phytotherapy Research 35:11, pages 6010-6029.
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Hirak Shah, Meg Fraser, Arianne C. Agdamag, Valmiki Maharaj, Bellony Nzemenoh, Cindy M. Martin, Tamas Alexy & Daniel J. Garry. (2021) Cardiac Transplantation and the Use of Cannabis. Life 11:10, pages 1063.
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Mike ArmourJustin SinclairGeoff NollerJane GirlingMaria LarcombeMahmoud A. Al-DabbasErika HollowDeborah BushNeil Johnson. (2021) Illicit Cannabis Usage as a Management Strategy in New Zealand Women with Endometriosis: An Online Survey. Journal of Women's Health 30:10, pages 1485-1492.
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James Siklos-Whillans, Alia Bacchus & Laurie A. Manwell. (2020) A Scoping Review of the Use of Cannabis and Its Extracts as Potential Harm Reduction Strategies: Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19:5, pages 1527-1550.
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Miriam Boeri, Elise Pereira, Alina Minkova, Kevin Marcato, Elianne Martinez & Denise Woodall. (2020) Green Hope: Perspectives on Cannabis from People who Use Opioids. Sociological Inquiry 91:3, pages 668-695.
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Rebecca Barmherzig & Thilinie Rajapakse. (2021) Nutraceuticals and Behavioral Therapy for Headache. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 21:7.
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Lauren R. Gorfinkel, Malki Stohl, Eliana Greenstein, Efrat Aharonovich, Mark Olfson & Deborah Hasin. (2020) Is Cannabis being used as a substitute for non‐medical opioids by adults with problem substance use in the United States? A within‐person analysis. Addiction 116:5, pages 1113-1121.
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Faris Khan & Aman Mehan. (2021) Addressing opioid tolerance and opioid‐induced hypersensitivity: Recent developments and future therapeutic strategies. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 9:3.
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Brandon R. McFadden & Trey Malone. (2021) Homegrown perceptions about the medical use and potential abuse of CBD and THC. Addictive Behaviors 115, pages 106799.
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Michał Graczyk, Małgorzata Łukowicz & Tomasz Dzierzanowski. (2021) Prospects for the Use of Cannabinoids in Psychiatric Disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Cesar D. Lopez, Venkat Boddapati, Charles M. Jobin & Thomas R. Hickernell. (2021) State Medical Cannabis Laws Associated With Reduction in Opioid Prescriptions by Orthopaedic Surgeons in Medicare Part D Cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 29:4, pages e188-e197.
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Rachel Carmen Ceasar, Alex H. Kral, Kelsey Simpson, Lynn Wenger, Jesse L. Goldshear & Ricky N. Bluthenthal. (2021) Factors associated with health-related cannabis use intentions among a community sample of people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA 2016 to 2018. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 219, pages 108421.
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Laurel P. Gibson, Leah N. Hitchcock, Angela D. Bryan & L. Cinnamon Bidwell. (2021) Experience of migraine, its severity, and perceived efficacy of treatments among cannabis users. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 56, pages 102619.
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Barak Shapira, Paola Rosca, Ronny Berkovitz, Igor Gorjaltsan & Yehuda Neumark. (2020) The switch from one substance-of-abuse to another: illicit drug substitution behaviors in a sample of high-risk drug users. PeerJ 8, pages e9461.
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Jenna Valleriani, Rebecca Haines-Saah, Rielle Capler, Ricky Bluthenthal, M. Eugenia Socias, MJ Milloy, Thomas Kerr & Ryan McNeil. (2020) The emergence of innovative cannabis distribution projects in the downtown eastside of Vancouver, Canada. International Journal of Drug Policy 79, pages 102737.
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Dan Jin, Kaiping Dai, Zhen Xie & Jie Chen. (2020) Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Cannabis Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Barks, and Roots for Medicinal Purposes. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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E.Gy Bán, A. Brassai & E.S. Vizi. (2020) The role of the endogenous neurotransmitters associated with neuropathic pain and in the opioid crisis: The innate pain-relieving system. Brain Research Bulletin 155, pages 129-136.
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Courtney T Blondino, Mirinda Ann Gormley, DaShaunda D H Taylor, Elizabeth Lowery, James S Clifford, Benjamin Burkart, Whitney C Graves, Juan Lu & Elizabeth C Prom-Wormley. (2020) The Influence of Co-Occurring Substance Use on the Effectiveness of Opiate Treatment Programs According to Intervention Type. Epidemiologic Reviews 42:1, pages 57-78.
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Philippe Lucas, Eric P. Baron & Nick Jikomes. (2019) Medical cannabis patterns of use and substitution for opioids & other pharmaceutical drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances; results from a cross-sectional survey of authorized patients. Harm Reduction Journal 16:1.
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Jamie L. Flexon, Lisa Stolzenberg & Stewart J. D'Alessio. (2019) The effect of cannabis laws on opioid use. International Journal of Drug Policy 74, pages 152-159.
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Christoph Wendelmuth & Knud Gastmeier. (2019) Hochdosisdronabinoltherapie vs. MedizinalcannabisblütenHigh-dose dronabinol treatment vs. medicinal cannabis flowers. Der Schmerz 33:5, pages 392-398.
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Justin C. Strickland, Joshua A. Lile & William W. Stoops. (2019) Evaluating non-medical prescription opioid demand using commodity purchase tasks: test-retest reliability and incremental validity. Psychopharmacology 236:9, pages 2641-2652.
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Yuyan Shi, Di Liang, Yuhua Bao, Ruopeng An, Mark S. Wallace & Igor Grant. (2019) Recreational marijuana legalization and prescription opioids received by Medicaid enrollees. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 194, pages 13-19.
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Wajd Alkabbani, Ruth Ann Marrie, Shawn Bugden, Silvia Alessi-Severini, Paul Daeninck, James Bolton, Jitender Sareen & Christine Leong. (2018) Pharmaceutical cannabinoid use in Manitoba, 2004/05 to 2014/15: a population-based cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open 6:4, pages E637-E642.
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David J DiBenedetto, Valerie F Weed, Kelly M Wawrzyniak, Matthew Finkelman, Jenelle Paolini, Michael E Schatman, David Herrera & Ronald J Kulich. (2018) The Association Between Cannabis Use and Aberrant Behaviors During Chronic Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain. Pain Medicine 19:10, pages 1997-2008.
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Kara Manning, Andrew H. Rogers, Jafar Bakhshaie, Julianna B.D. Hogan, Julia D. Buckner, Joseph W. Ditre & Michael J. Zvolensky. (2018) The association between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting cannabis: The explanatory role of pain-related affective distress. Addictive Behaviors 85, pages 1-7.
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Ahmet Goktan AksuOzgur GunduzAhmet Ulugol. (2018) Contribution of spinal 5-HT 5A receptors to the antinociceptive effects of systemically administered cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 and morphine . Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 96:6, pages 618-623.
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Marcus A. BachhuberJulia H. ArnstenJoanna L. StarrelsChinazo O. Cunningham. (2018) Willingness to Participate in Longitudinal Research Among People with Chronic Pain Who Take Medical Cannabis: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3:1, pages 45-53.
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Douglas BruceJohn P. BradyElissa FosterMona Shattell. (2018) Preferences for Medical Marijuana over Prescription Medications Among Persons Living with Chronic Conditions: Alternative, Complementary, and Tapering Uses. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 24:2, pages 146-153.
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Brian Hainline, Wayne Derman, Alan Vernec, Richard Budgett, Masataka Deie, Jiří Dvořák, Chris Harle, Stanley A Herring, Mike McNamee, Willem Meeuwisse, G Lorimer Moseley, Bade Omololu, John Orchard, Andrew Pipe, Babette M Pluim, Johan Ræder, Christian Siebert, Mike Stewart, Mark Stuart, Judith A Turner, Mark Ware, David Zideman & Lars Engebretsen. (2017) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 51:17, pages 1245-1258.
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Rudolf LikarGerhard Nahler. (2017) The use of cannabis in supportive care and treatment of brain tumor. Neuro-Oncology Practice 4:3, pages 151-160.
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Benjamin J. Morasco, Bobbi Jo Yarborough, Ning X. Smith, Steven K. Dobscha, Richard A. Deyo, Nancy A. Perrin & Carla A. Green. (2017) Higher Prescription Opioid Dose is Associated With Worse Patient-Reported Pain Outcomes and More Health Care Utilization. The Journal of Pain 18:4, pages 437-445.
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Philippe Lucas & Zach Walsh. (2017) Medical cannabis access, use, and substitution for prescription opioids and other substances: A survey of authorized medical cannabis patients. International Journal of Drug Policy 42, pages 30-35.
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Victoria Kostadinov & Ann Roche. (2016) Bongs and baby boomers: Trends in cannabis use among older Australians. Australasian Journal on Ageing 36:1, pages 56-59.
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Zach Walsh, Raul Gonzalez, Kim Crosby, Michelle S. Thiessen, Chris Carroll & Marcel O. Bonn-Miller. (2017) Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 51, pages 15-29.
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Amanda ReimanMark WeltyPerry Solomon. (2017) Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid-Based Pain Medication: Patient Self-Report. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2:1, pages 160-166.
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