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Journal of Psychoactive Drugs Volume 46, 2014 - Issue 5
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Review Article

Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: What about in European Countries?

Céline EidenPharmacist, Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependance-Addictovigilance, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, FranceCorrespondence[email protected]
, Pharm.D., Ph.D.,
Caroline DiotPharmacist, Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependance-Addictovigilance, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, France
, Pharm.D.,
Olivier MathieuAssistant Professor in Medical Pharmacology, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, UM1, Montpellier, France
, Pharm.D., Ph.D.,
Michel MallaretHead of Pharmacology Department, Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependance-Addictovigilance, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
, M.D. &
Hélène PeyrièreAssistant Professor in Clinical Pharmacy, Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependance-Addictovigilance, Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, UM1, Montpellier, France
, Pharm.D., Ph.D.
Pages 389-392 | Published online: 03 Nov 2014

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Maryam Akhgari, Fatemeh Moradi$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Parisa Ziarati. (2018) The Texture of Psychoactive Illicit Drugs in Iran: Adulteration with Lead and other Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 50:5, pages 451-459.
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Simona Martello, Massimo Pieri, Cristiano Ialongo, Stefano Pignalosa, Gianluca Noce, Francesca Vernich, Carmelo Russo, Federico Mineo, Sergio Bernardini & Luigi Tonino Marsella. (2017) Levamisole in Illicit Trafficking Cocaine Seized: A One-Year Study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 49:5, pages 408-412.
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Céline Eiden, Hélène Peyrière, Caroline Diot & Olivier Mathieu. (2015) Prevalence of levamisole and aminorex in patients tested positive for cocaine in a French University Hospital. Clinical Toxicology 53:7, pages 604-608.
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Articles from other publishers (29)

Sulaf Assi, Aidan Keenan & Abdullah Al Hamid. (2022) Exploring e-psychonauts perspectives towards cocaine effects and toxicity. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 17:1.
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Sol Guerra-Ojeda, Patricia Marchio, Martin Aldasoro, Soraya L. Valles, Patricia Genovés, Maria D. Mauricio & José M. Vila. (2022) Deleterious effects of levamisole, a cocaine adulterant, in rabbit aorta. Vascular Pharmacology 144, pages 106992.
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Moritz Losacker, Marica Hundertmark, Siegfried Zörntlein, Jörg Röhrich & Cornelius Hess. (2022) Chiral pharmacokinetics of tetramisole stereoisomers—Enantioselective quantification of levamisole and dexamisole in serum samples from users of adulterated cocaine. Drug Testing and Analysis 14:6, pages 1053-1064.
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Serenella Serinelli, Luigi Bonaccorso, Carmelo Furnari & Lorenzo Gitto. (2021) Double Suicide Due to the Ingestion of Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Academic Forensic Pathology 12:1, pages 23-30.
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Giacomo Ramponi, Marco Folci, Maria De Santis, Jan G.M.C. Damoiseaux, Carlo Selmi & Enrico Brunetta. (2021) The biology, pathogenetic role, clinical implications, and open issues of serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Autoimmunity Reviews 20:3, pages 102759.
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Andrea Estébanez, Esmeralda Silva & Noelia Abdilla. (2020) Pioderma gangrenoso ulcerativo por consumo de cocaína. Medicina Clínica 154:9, pages 373-374.
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Andrea Estébanez, Esmeralda Silva & Noelia Abdilla. (2020) Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum associated with cocaine use. Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 154:9, pages 373-374.
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A.N. Belova, V.S. Solovieva, M.V. Rasteryaeva & E.M. Belova. (2020) Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 120:7, pages 89.
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Arthur M. de Oliveira, Matheus V. Paulino, Ana P. F. Vieira, Alexander M. McKinney, Antonio J. da Rocha, Germana T. dos Santos, Claudia da Costa Leite, Luis F. de Souza Godoy & Leandro T. Lucato. (2019) Imaging Patterns of Toxic and Metabolic Brain Disorders. RadioGraphics 39:6, pages 1672-1695.
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Anaïs Dartevel, Benjamin Chaigne, Laurence Moachon, Florian Grenier, Nicolas Dupin, Loïc Guillevin, Laurence Bouillet & Luc Mouthon. (2019) Levamisole-induced vasculopathy: A systematic review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 48:5, pages 921-926.
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Milena M. Madry, Thomas Kraemer & Markus R. Baumgartner. (2018) Cocaine adulteration with the anthelminthic tetramisole (levamisole/dexamisole): Long‐term monitoring of its intake by chiral LC–MS/MS analysis of cocaine‐positive hair samples. Drug Testing and Analysis 11:3, pages 472-478.
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Matthias Vonmoos, Sarah Hirsiger, Katrin H. Preller, Lea M. Hulka, Daniel Allemann, Marcus Herdener, Markus R. Baumgartner & Boris B. Quednow. (2018) Cognitive and neuroanatomical impairments associated with chronic exposure to levamisole-contaminated cocaine. Translational Psychiatry 8:1.
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J. Eliaerts, N. Meert, F. Van Durme, N. Samyn, K. De Wael & P. Dardenne. (2018) Practical tool for sampling and fast analysis of large cocaine seizures. Drug Testing and Analysis 10:6, pages 1039-1042.
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Michael J. Cascio & Kuang-Yu Jen. (2018) Cocaine/levamisole-associated autoimmune syndrome. Current Opinion in Hematology 25:1, pages 29-36.
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Antoine Néel, Christian Agard & Mohamed Hamidou. (2018) Vasculitides induced by cocaine and/or levamisole. Joint Bone Spine 85:1, pages 9-14.
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Antoine Néel, Christian Agard & Mohamed Hamidou. (2017) Vascularites induites par la cocaïne et/ou le lévamisole. Revue du Rhumatisme Monographies 84:3, pages 282-288.
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Javier Marquez, Lina Aguirre, Carolina Muñoz, Andres Echeverri, Mauricio Restrepo & Luis F. Pinto. (2017) Cocaine-Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis/Vasculopathy Syndrome. Current Rheumatology Reports 19:6.
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Ruben Olmedo, Christopher Yates & Robert S. Hoffman. 2017. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1525 1554 .
Hélène Peyrière, Céline Eiden, Michel Mallaret & Caroline Victorri-Vigneau. (2016) Medical complications of psychoactive substances with abuse risks: Detection and assessment by the network of French addictovigilance centres. Therapies 71:6, pages 563-573.
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Sandra Nordmann, Thomas Nefau, Joëlle Micallef, Catherine Duplessy, Jean-Christophe Catusse & Elisabeth Frauger. (2016) Analyse des seringues usagées : un reflet de la consommation de substances psychoactives par les usagers de drogues par voie intraveineuse ?. Thérapie.
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Marcel Grapp, Hans H. Maurer & Herbert Desel. (2016) Systematic forensic toxicological analysis by GC-MS in serum using automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system. Drug Testing and Analysis 8:8, pages 816-825.
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Sayedeh Masoumeh Hosseini Zare, Maryamsadat Hosseini Zare, Ahmad Ghalenovi, Bahareh Vahidiyan Far & Mojtaba Fattahi Abdizadeh. (2016) Evaluation of Common Adulterants in Morphine Urine Drug Screening. Journal of Biomedicine 1:2.
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Adrián Imbernón-Moya, Ricardo Chico & Antonio Aguilar-Martínez. (2016) Manifestaciones cutáneas y mucosas asociadas al consumo de cocaína. Medicina Clínica 146:12, pages 544-549.
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Adrián Imbernón-Moya, Ricardo Chico & Antonio Aguilar-Martínez. (2016) Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations associated with cocaine use. Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 146:12, pages 544-549.
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Ruben Olmedo, Christopher Yates & Robert S. Hoffman. 2016. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 30 .
Philippe Hantson. (2015) Adultération de la cocaïne par le lévamisole : quels risques ?. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 27:4, pages 216-225.
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Jean-Claude Alvarez, Jean-Christophe Boyer, Alain G. Verstraete & Anne-Laure Pelissier-Alicot. (2015) Conduite automobile et cocaïne : bases bibliographiques pour un consensus de la Société française de toxicologie analytique. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 27:3, pages 165-183.
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Ashakumary Lakshmikuttyamma & Abigail Kay. 2015. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions 45 56 .
Igho J. Onakpoya. 2015. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions 367 381 .

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