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Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology Volume 32, 2003 - Issue 1
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Review

Rheumatoid arthritis: proposal for the use of anti‐microbial therapy in early cases

Alan Ebringer Division of Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity Group, King's College LondonCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Taha Rashid Department of Rheumatology, Middlesex Hospital, University College, London, UK
&
Clyde Wilson Division of Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity Group, King's College London
Pages 2-11 | Received 29 Jul 2002, Accepted 07 Oct 2002, Published online: 12 Jul 2009

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Arpad Zsigmond Barabas, Chad Douglas Cole, Rene Lafreniere & Donald Mackay Weir. (2012) Immunopathological events initiated and maintained by pathogenic IgG autoantibodies in an experimental autoimmune kidney disease. Autoimmunity 45:7, pages 495-509.
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A. Ebringer, T. Rashid, C. Wilson, H. Tiwana, A. J. Green, E. J. Thompson, V. Chamoun, J. R. Croker & A. Binder. (2004) Multiple Sclerosis, Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Are they Autoimmune Diseases Evoked by Acinetobacter Microbes Showing Molecular Mimicry to Brain Antigens?. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 14:4, pages 293-302.
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Articles from other publishers (21)

Agata Palusiak. (2022) Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae as pathogens capable of causing co-infections and exhibiting similarities in their virulence factors. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 12.
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Elisa Gremese, Barbara Tolusso, Dario Bruno, Stefano Alivernini & Gianfranco Ferraccioli. (2022) Infectious agents breaking the immunological tolerance: The holy grail in rheumatoid arthritis reconsidered. Autoimmunity Reviews 21:6, pages 103102.
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Michael W. Whitehouse. (2015) Microbes as trigger/sustainers of chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology 23:6, pages 371-374.
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Hope T. Jackson, Emmanuel F. Mongodin, Katherine P. Davenport, Claire M. Fraser, Anthony D. Sandler & Steven L. Zeichner. (2014) Culture-Independent Evaluation of the Appendix and Rectum Microbiomes in Children with and without Appendicitis. PLoS ONE 9:4, pages e95414.
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D. M. B. T. Disaanayake, Joan Faoagali, Hans Laroo, Gerald Hancock & Michael Whitehouse. (2014) Efficacy of some colloidal silver preparations and silver salts against Proteus bacteria, one possible cause of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 22:2, pages 73-77.
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David M. Brady. (2013) Molecular Mimicry, the Hygiene Hypothesis, Stealth Infections and Other Examples of Disconnect between Medical Research and the Practice of Clinical Medicine in Autoimmune Disease. Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases 03:01, pages 33-39.
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Gregory T. Yasuda, Peter B. Bongiorno & Michael T. Murray. 2013. Textbook of Natural Medicine. Textbook of Natural Medicine 1769 1784 .
Shosuke Okamoto, Miki Adachi, Satomi Chujo, Kyohei Yamada, Kunihiko Akita, Saotomo Itoh, Takemasa Takii, Kazuichi Hayakawa & Kikuo Onozaki. (2011) Etiological role of cigarette smoking in rheumatoid arthritis: Nasal exposure to cigarette smoke condensate extracts augments the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 404:4, pages 1088-1092.
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Alan EbringerAlan Ebringer. 2012. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Proteus. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Proteus 201 226 .
Alan Ebringer, Taha Rashid & Clyde Wilson. (2010) Rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus, anti-CCP antibodies and Karl Popper. Autoimmunity Reviews 9:4, pages 216-223.
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Lynn Stothers. 2009. Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Aging Population. Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Aging Population 179 191 .
Miki ShizuYuka ItohRyohei SunaharaSatomi ChujoHidetoshi HayashiYuko IdeTakemasa TakiiMasaya KoshikoSang Woon ChungKazuichi HayakawaKeiji MiyazawaKunitaka HiroseKikuo Onozaki. (2008) Cigarette Smoke Condensate Upregulates the Gene and Protein Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Line. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 28:8, pages 509-522.
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Taha Rashid & Alan Ebringer. (2008) Rheumatoid arthritis in smokers could be linked to Proteus urinary tract infections. Medical Hypotheses 70:5, pages 975-980.
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Taha Rashid & Alan Ebringer. (2007) Rheumatoid arthritis is linked to Proteus—the evidence. Clinical Rheumatology 26:7, pages 1036-1043.
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Marlon P. Quinones, Fabio Jimenez, Hernan Martinez, Carlos A. Estrada, Opal Willmon, Molly Dudley, William A. Kuziel, Peter C. Melby, Robert L. Reddick, Sunil K. Ahuja & Seema S. Ahuja. (2006) CC chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 prevents arthritis development following infection by Mycobacterium avium. Journal of Molecular Medicine 84:6, pages 503-512.
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Taha Rashid, Alan Ebringer, Clyde Wilson, Sukvinder Bansal, Leena Paimela & Allan Binder. (2006) The Potential Use of Antibacterial Peptide Antibody Indices in the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 12:1, pages 11-16.
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Alan Ebringer & Taha Rashid. (2006) Rheumatoid Arthritis is an Autoimmune Disease Triggered by Proteus Urinary Tract Infection . Clinical and Developmental Immunology 13:1, pages 41-48.
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Andrew R. Mackenzie & Janet Dawson. (2005) Could rheumatoid arthritis have an infectious aetiology?. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 2:3, pages 345-349.
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K Moen, LT Bertelsen, S Hellem, R Jonsson & JG Brun. (2005) Salivary gland and temporomandibular joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity. Oral Diseases 11:1, pages 27-34.
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Luis J. Jara, Gabriela Medina, Olga Vera-Lastra, Carmen Navarro & Juan M. Miranda. 2004. Infection and Autoimmunity. Infection and Autoimmunity 729 740 .
Alan Ebringer, Taha Rashid & Clyde Wilson. 2004. Infection and Autoimmunity. Infection and Autoimmunity 383 394 .

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