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Original Articles

The Mechanisms of Human Female Sexual Arousal

Pages 1-48 | Published online: 15 Nov 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (14)

RoyJ. Levin. (2012) The deadly pleasures of the clitoris and the condom – a rebuttal of Brody, Costa and Hess (2012) . Sexual and Relationship Therapy 27:3, pages 272-295.
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RoyJ. Levin. (2011) The human female orgasm: a critical evaluation of its proposed reproductive functions. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 26:4, pages 301-314.
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RoyJ. Levin$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2006) Vocalised sounds and human sex. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 21:1, pages 99-107.
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Julia R. Heiman, Marc Gittelman, Raymond Costabile, Andre Guay, Alice Friedman, Amy Heard-Davison, Craig Peterson, John Dietrich & Darby Stephens. (2006) Topical alprostadil (PGE1) for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: In-clinic evaluation of safety and efficacy. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 27:1, pages 31-41.
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RoyJ. Levin. (2005) Sexual Arousal—Its Physiological Roles in Human Reproduction. Annual Review of Sex Research 16:1, pages 154-189.
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CindyM. Meston, RoyJ. Levin, MarcaL. Sipski, ElaineM. Hull & JuliaR. Heiman. (2004) Women's Orgasm. Annual Review of Sex Research 15:1, pages 173-257.
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Kenneth Mah & YitzchakM. Binik. (2002) Do all orgasms feel alike? Evaluating a two‐dimensional model of the orgasm experience across gender and sexual context. The Journal of Sex Research 39:2, pages 104-113.
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Kwangsung Park, Soo Bang Ryu, Yang Il Park, Kyuyoun Ahn, Sang Nyeong Lee & Jong Hee Nam. (2001) Diabetes Mellitus Induces Vaginal Tissue Fibrosis by TGF-beta; 1 Expression in the Rat Model. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 27:5, pages 577-587.
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Alessandra Graziottin. (2001) Clinical Approach to Dyspareunia. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 27:5, pages 489-501.
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Cindy M. Meston. (2000) The Psychophysiological Assessment of Female Sexual Function. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy 25:1, pages 6-16.
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JanC. Wouda, PetraM. Hartman, RikstaM. Bakker, JanO. Bakker, HarryB.M. van de Wiel & WillibrordC.M. Weijmar Schultz. (1998) Vaginal plethysmography in women with dyspareunia. The Journal of Sex Research 35:2, pages 141-147.
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Ellen Laan & Walter Everaerd. (1995) Determinants of Female Sexual Arousal: Psychophysiological Theory and Data. Annual Review of Sex Research 6:1, pages 32-76.
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LouisH. Swartz. (1994) Absorbed states play different roles in female and male sexual response: Hypotheses for testing. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 20:3, pages 244-253.
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Articles from other publishers (92)

Darya Smetanina, Shamsa Al Awar, Howaida Khair, Meera Alkaabi, Karuna M Das, Milos Ljubisavljevic, Yauhen Statsenko & Kornelia Teresa Zaręba. (2023) Risk of sexual dysfunctions in breastfeeding females: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 13:8, pages e074630.
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Cindy M. Meston, Amelia M. Stanton, Bridget K. Freihart & Mackenzie A. Sears-Greer. 2023. Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women. Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women 479 495 .
Courtney L. Crosby. 2022. The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology 319 340 .
. 2022. The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology 207 340 .
Adrián Jesús Ricoy-Cano, Irene Cortés-Pérez, María del Carmen Martín-Cano & Yolanda María De La Fuente-Robles. (2022) Impact of Fibromyalgia Syndrome on Female Sexual Function. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 28:2, pages e574-e582.
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Elena Colonnello, Erika Limoncin, Giacomo Ciocca, Andrea Sansone, Daniele Mollaioli, Giancarlo Balercia, Hartmut Porst, Hui Zhang, Xi Yu, Yan Zhang & Emmanuele A. Jannini. (2022) The Lost Penis Syndrome: A New Clinical Entity in Sexual Medicine. Sexual Medicine Reviews 10:1, pages 113-129.
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Ami Rokach & Karishma Patel. 2021. Human Sexuality. Human Sexuality 33 61 .
Ami Rokach & Karishma Patel. 2021. Human Sexuality. Human Sexuality 235 285 .
Megan L. Sawatsky, Sofija Lavrinsek, Samantha J. Dawson & Martin L. Lalumière. (2020) The time course of genital response cue-specificity among androphilic women. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 29:3, pages 339-353.
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Daisy J. Mechelmans, Wendelin L. Sachtler, Thomas E. von Wiegand, David Goodrich, Julia R. Heiman & Erick Janssen. (2020) The Successful Measurement of Clitoral Pulse Amplitude Using a New Clitoral Photoplethysmograph: A Pilot Study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 17:6, pages 1118-1125.
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Megan L. Sawatsky & Martin L. Lalumière. (2020) Effect of a Condom Cover on Vaginal Photoplethysmographic Responses. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 17:4, pages 702-715.
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Stéphanie C. Boyer, Katrina N. Bouchard & Caroline F. Pukall. (2019) Laser Doppler Imaging as a Measure of Female Sexual Arousal: Further Validation and Methodological Considerations. Biological Psychology 148, pages 107741.
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Juho Lee, Shwe Phyu Hlaing, Jiafu Cao, Nurhasni Hasan, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ki-Won Song & Jin-Wook Yoo. (2019) In Situ Hydrogel-Forming/Nitric Oxide-Releasing Wound Dressing for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity and Healing in Mice with Infected Wounds. Pharmaceutics 11:10, pages 496.
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Nur Syazwani Roslan, Nik Ruzyanei Nik Jaafar, Hatta Sidi, Najwa Baharudin, Jaya Kumar, Srijit Das & Nik Hazlina Nik Hussain. (2018) The Bio-Psycho-Social Dimension in Women’s Sexual Desire: ‘Argumentum ad novitatem’. Current Drug Targets 20:2, pages 146-157.
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Omaima Ezzat Mahmoud, Amal Roshdi Ahmed & Ahmed Emadeldin Arafa. (2018) Patterns of female sexual dysfunction in premenopausal women with moderate to severe depression in Beni-Suef, Egypt. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 23:4, pages 501-504.
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Elisa Maseroli, Irene Scavello & Linda Vignozzi. (2018) Cardiometabolic Risk and Female Sexuality—Part II. Understanding (and Overcoming) Gender Differences: The Key Role of an Adequate Methodological Approach. Sexual Medicine Reviews 6:4, pages 525-534.
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Roy J. Levin. (2018) The clitoral activation paradox - Claimed outcomes from different methods of its stimulation. Clinical Anatomy 31:5, pages 650-660.
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Cindy M. Meston & Amelia M. Stanton. 2017. Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women. Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women 227 241 .
Roy J. Levin, Stephanie Both, Janniko Georgiadis, Tuuli Kukkonen, Kwangsung Park & Claire C. Yang. (2016) The Physiology of Female Sexual Function and the Pathophysiology of Female Sexual Dysfunction (Committee 13A). The Journal of Sexual Medicine 13:5, pages 733-759.
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Kyung-Jin Oh, Hyun-Suk Lee, Kyuyoun Ahn & Kwangsung Park. (2016) Estrogen Modulates Expression of Tight Junction Proteins in Rat Vagina. BioMed Research International 2016, pages 1-6.
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Seth D. Cohen & Irwin Goldstein. 2016. Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women 261 271 .
L. Salomon, S. Droupy, R. Yiou & M. Soulié. (2015) Résultats fonctionnels et prise en charge des troubles fonctionnels après prostatectomie totale. Progrès en Urologie 25:15, pages 1028-1066.
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Samantha J. Dawson, Megan L. Sawatsky & Martin L. Lalumière. (2015) Assessment of Introital Lubrication. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44:6, pages 1527-1535.
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Roy J Levin. (2015) Recreation and procreation: A critical view of sex in the human female. Clinical Anatomy 28:3, pages 339-354.
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Frédérique Courtois & Samantha Dubray. (2014) The Neurophysiology of Orgasm. Current Sexual Health Reports 6:3, pages 201-210.
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Olivier Stücker, Catherine Pons, Yann Neuzillet, Elisabeth Laemmel & Thierry Lebret. (2014) Effects of Adenosine Monophosphate Used in Combination with L-Arginine on Female Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum Tissue. Sexual Medicine 2:1, pages 1-7.
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Ciara Staunton, Sean Hammond, Derek Perkins & Sharon Lambert. (2014) Biosignal measures of female sexual interest: their feasibility in a forensic context. Journal of Criminal Psychology 4:1, pages 59-75.
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Tae-Hoon Kim, Heoung-Keun Kang, Kwangsung Park & Gwang-Woo Jeong. (2014) Localized brain metabolite changes during visual sexual stimulation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 21:1, pages 59-66.
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Roy J. Levin. 2012. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 813 820 .
Roy J. Levin. (2011) Can the Controversy About the Putative Role of the Human Female Orgasm in Sperm Transport be Settled with Our Current Physiological Knowledge of Coitus?. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 8:6, pages 1566-1578.
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Harrina E. Rahardjo, Andreas Brauer, Hans‐Jürgen Mägert, Markus Meyer, Wolfgang Kauffels, Akmal Taher, Djoko Rahardjo, Udo Jonas, Markus A. Kuczyk & Stefan Ückert. (2011) Endogenous Vasoactive Peptides and the Human Vagina—A Molecular Biology and Functional Study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 8:1, pages 35-43.
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Yasisca P. Khouri, Corey Pallatto Hughan & Cindy M. Meston. 2011. Cancer and Sexual Health. Cancer and Sexual Health 147 161 .
Andrea Salonia, Annamaria Giraldi, Meredith L. Chivers, Janniko R. Georgiadis, Roy Levin, Kenneth R. Maravilla & Margaret M. McCarthy. (2010) Physiology of Women's Sexual Function: Basic Knowledge and New Findings. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 7:8, pages 2637-2660.
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Meredith L. Chivers & Raymond C. Rosen. (2010) Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Female Sexual Response: Faulty Protocols or Paradigms?. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 7:2, pages 858-872.
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Meredith L. Chivers, Michael C. Seto, Martin L. Lalumière, Ellen Laan & Teresa Grimbos. (2010) Agreement of Self-Reported and Genital Measures of Sexual Arousal in Men and Women: A Meta-Analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 39:1, pages 5-56.
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Lori A. Brotto, Johannes Bitzer, Ellen Laan, Sandra Leiblum & Mijal Luria. (2010) Women's Sexual Desire and Arousal Disorders. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 7:1, pages 586-614.
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Karen Elizabeth Boyle & Arthur L. Burnett. 2010. Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine. Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine 707 715 .
Jin-Wook Yoo, Gayathri Acharya & Chi H. Lee. (2009) In vivo evaluation of vaginal films for mucosal delivery of nitric oxide. Biomaterials 30:23-24, pages 3978-3985.
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Lori A. Brotto, Carolin Klein & Boris B. Gorzalka. (2008) Laboratory-Induced Hyperventilation Differentiates Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Subtypes. Archives of Sexual Behavior 38:4, pages 463-475.
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Terri L. Woodard & Michael P. Diamond. (2009) Physiologic measures of sexual function in women: a review. Fertility and Sterility 92:1, pages 19-34.
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Florian Wimpissinger, Robert Tscherney & Walter Stackl. (2009) Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Female Prostate Pathology. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 6:6, pages 1704-1711.
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Joan Pitkin. (2009) Sexuality and the menopause. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 23:1, pages 33-52.
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John Bancroft. 2009. Human Sexuality and Its Problems. Human Sexuality and Its Problems 55 143 .
Rob Stoeckart, Dick Swaab, Luk Gijs, Pim de Ronde & Koos Slob. 2009. Seksuologie. Seksuologie 73 126 .
Jin-Wook Yoo, Jae-Suk Lee & Chi H. Lee. (2009) Characterization of nitric oxide-releasing microparticles for the mucosal delivery. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 9999A, pages NA-NA.
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Roy J. Levin. (2008) Female Orgasm: Correlation of Objective Physical Recordings with Subjective Experience. Archives of Sexual Behavior 37:6, pages 855-855.
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Jong-Chul Yang, Kwangsung Park, Sung-Jong Eun, Moo-Suk Lee, Jin-Sang Yoon, Il-Seon Shin, Yong-Ku Kim, Tae-Woong Chung, Heoung-Keun Kang & Gwang-Woo Jeong. (2008) ORIGINAL RESEARCH—PHYSIOLOGY: Assessment of Cerebrocortical Areas Associated with Sexual Arousal in Depressive Women Using Functional MR Imaging. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 5:3, pages 602-609.
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Joon Huh, Kwangsung Park, In Sang Hwang, Seung Il Jung, Hyeong-Jung Kim, Tae-Woong Chung & Gwang-Woo Jeong. (2008) Brain Activation Areas of Sexual Arousal with Olfactory Stimulation in Men: A Preliminary Study Using Functional MRI. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 5:3, pages 619-625.
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Kwangsung Park, Ho Jae Han, Soo Wan Kim, Seung Il Jung, Sun-Ouck Kim, Hyun-Suk Lee, Mi Na Lee & Kyuyoun Ahn. (2008) ORIGINAL RESEARCH–BASIC SCIENCE: Expression of Aquaporin Water Channels in Rat Vagina: Potential Role in Vaginal Lubrication. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 5:1, pages 77-82.
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. 2007. Male Sexual Dysfunction. Male Sexual Dysfunction 113 126 .
Henk Willem Elzevier, Bart B. Nieuwkamer, Rob C.M. Pelger & August A.B. Lycklama à Nijeholt. (2007) Female Sexual Function and Activity Following Cystectomy and Continent Urinary Tract Diversion for Benign Indications: A Clinical Pilot Study and Review of Literature. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 4:2, pages 406-416.
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GÖRAN SAMSIOE. 2007. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman 251 261 .
L. Marson & A. Z. Murphy. (2006) Identification of neural circuits involved in female genital responses in the rat: a dual virus and anterograde tracing study. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291:2, pages R419-R428.
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Raymond A Costabile. (2016) Topical Alprostadil for the Treatment of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder. Women's Health 2:3, pages 331-340.
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Gwang‐Woo Jeong, Kwangsung Park, Gahyun Youn, Heoung‐Keun Kang, Hyung Joong Kim, Jeong‐Jin Seo & Soo‐Bang Ryu. (2005) ORIGINAL RESEARCH—FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: Assessment of Cerebrocortical Regions Associated with Sexual Arousal in Premenopausal and Menopausal Women by Using BOLD‐Based Functional MRI. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2:5, pages 645-651.
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John Bancroft. (2005) HISTORY: A History of Sexual Medicine in the United Kingdom. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2:4, pages 569-574.
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Kathleen Connell, Marsha K. Guess, Julie La Combe, Andrea Wang, Kenneth Powers, George Lazarou & Magdy Mikhail. (2005) Evaluation of the role of pudendal nerve integrity in female sexual function using noninvasive techniques. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192:5, pages 1712-1717.
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Rik H. W. van Lunsen & Ellen Laan. (2004) Genital vascular responsiveness and sexual feelings in midlife women: psychophysiologic, brain, and genital imaging studies. Menopause 11:6, pages 741-748.
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SOO WOONG KIM, NOEL N. KIM, SEONG-JOO JEONG, RICARDO MUNARRIZ, IRWIN GOLDSTEIN & ABDULMAGED M. TRAISH. (2004) MODULATION OF RAT VAGINAL BLOOD FLOW AND ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BY ESTRADIOL. Journal of Urology 172:4 Part 1, pages 1538-1543.
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Alessandra Graziottin. (2004) Sexual arousal: similarities and differences between men and women. The Journal of Men's Health & Gender 1:2-3, pages 215-223.
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Cindy M. Meston, Elaine Hull, Roy J. Levin & Marca Sipski. (2004) Disorders of Orgasm in Women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 1:1, pages 66-68.
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A. Salonia, R.M. Munarriz, R. Naspro, R.E. Nappi, A. Briganti, R. Chionna, F. Federghini, V. Mirone, P. Rigatti, I. Goldstein & F. Montorsi. (2004) Women's sexual dysfunction: a pathophysiological review. BJU International 93:8, pages 1156-1164.
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Roy J. Levin & Willy van Berlo. (2004) Sexual arousal and orgasm in subjects who experience forced or non-consensual sexual stimulation – a review. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11:2, pages 82-88.
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SOO WOONG KIM, SEONG-JOO JEONG, RICARDO MUNARRIZ, NOEL N. KIM, IRWIN GOLDSTEIN & ABDULMAGED M. TRAISH. (2004) An In Vivo Rat Model to Investigate Female Vaginal Arousal Response. Journal of Urology 171:3, pages 1357-1361.
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Kenneth R. Maravilla, Yunyu Cao, Julia R. Heiman, Patricia A. Garland, Barry T. Peterson, Wayne O. Carter & Robert M. Weisskoff. (2003) Serial MR imaging with MS-325 for evaluating female sexual arousal response: Determination of intrasubject reproducibility. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 18:2, pages 216-224.
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B Erol, A Tefekli, O Sanli, O Ziylan, A Armagan, M Kendirci, D Eryasar & A Kadioglu. (2003) Does sexual dysfunction correlate with deterioration of somatic sensory system in diabetic women?. International Journal of Impotence Research 15:3, pages 198-202.
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Julia K. Warnock & C. Faye Biggs. (2014) Reproductive Life Events and Sexual Functioning in Women: Case Reports. CNS Spectrums 8:3, pages 188-193.
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R J Levin. (2003) A journey through two lumens!. International Journal of Impotence Research 15:1, pages 2-9.
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Bruce Carlin & Fah LeongCathy Naughton. 2002. Female Pelvic Health and Reconstructive Surgery. Female Pelvic Health and Reconstructive Surgery 475 493 .
KWANGSUNG PARK, KYUYOUN AHN, JANG SOON CHANG, SONG-EUN LEE, SOO BANG RYU & YANG IL PARK. (2002) Diabetes Induced Alteration of Clitoral Hemodynamics and Structure in The Rabbit. The Journal of Urology, pages 1269-1272.
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Kwangsung Park, Kyuyoun Ahn, Jang Soon Chang, Song-Eun Lee, Soo Bang Ryu & Yang I.L. Park. (2002) Diabetes Induced Alteration of Clitoral Hemodynamics and Structure in The Rabbit. Journal of Urology 168:3, pages 1269-1272.
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A Giraldi, P Alm, V Werkström, L Myllymäki, G Wagner & K E Andersson. (2002) Morphological and functional characterization of a rat vaginal smooth muscle sphincter. International Journal of Impotence Research 14:4, pages 271-282.
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Abdulmaged M Traish, Noel Kim, Kweonsik Min, Ricardo Munarriz & Irwin Goldstein. (2002) Role of androgens in female genital sexual arousal: receptor expression, structure, and function. Fertility and Sterility 77, pages 11-18.
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Marita P. McCabe. 2002. Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy. Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy 109 112 .
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Roy J. Levin & Gorm Wagner. (2001) RE: MEASUREMENT OF VAGINAL AND MINOR LABIAL OXYGEN TENSION FOR THE EVALUATION OF FEMALE SEXUAL FUNCTION. The Journal of Urology, pages 2324.
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Roy J. Levin & Gorm Wagner. (2001) RE: MEASUREMENT OF VAGINAL AND MINOR LABIAL OXYGEN TENSION FOR THE EVALUATION OF FEMALE SEXUAL FUNCTION. Journal of Urology 166:6, pages 2324-2324.
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Salvatore Caruso, Giorgia Intelisano, Lorenzo Lupo & Carmela Agnello. (2003) Premenopausal women affected by sexual arousal disorder treated with sildenafil: a double‐blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 108:6, pages 623-628.
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Salvatore Caruso, Giorgia Intelisano, Lorenzo Lupo & Carmela Agnello. (2001) Premenopausal women affected by sexual arousal disorder treated with sildenafil: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:6, pages 623-628.
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Kwangsung Park, Heoung Keun Kang, Jeong Jin Seo, Hyung Joong Kim, Soo Bang Ryu & Gwang Woo Jeong. (2001) Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating cerebral regions of female sexual arousal response. Urology 57:6, pages 1189-1194.
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