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Original Article

The reliability of prehospital clinical evaluation for potential spinal injury is not affected by the mechanism of injury

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Pages 332-337 | Received 17 May 1999, Accepted 24 May 1999, Published online: 02 Jul 2009

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John H. Burton, Nathan R. Harmon, Matthew G. Dunn & Jay R. Bradshaw. (2005) EMS Provider Findings andInterventions with a Statewide EMS Spine-Assessment Protocol. Prehospital Emergency Care 9:3, pages 303-309.
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David Häske, Gunnar Blumenstock, Björn Hossfeld, Christoph Wölfl, Uwe Schweigkofler & Jan-Philipp Stock. (2022) The Immo traffic light system as a decision-making tool for prehospital spinal immobilization—a systematic review. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international.
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David Häske, Rolf Lefering, Jan-Philipp Stock & Michael Kreinest. (2020) Epidemiology and predictors of traumatic spine injury in severely injured patients: implications for emergency procedures. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 48:3, pages 1975-1983.
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Jared T. Wilcox, Mina Aziz, Rakan Bokhari, Solon Schur, Lior Elkaim, Michael H. Weber & Carlo Santaguida. 2022. Neural Repair and Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury and Spine Trauma. Neural Repair and Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury and Spine Trauma 167 190 .
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Phan Q. Duy, Ichiro Ikuta, Michele H. Johnson, Melissa Davis & Vahe M. Zohrabian. 2020. MRI of the Spine. MRI of the Spine 31 86 .
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Seth C. Hawkins, Jason Williams, Brad L. Bennett, Arthur Islas, Dietrich Whitfield Kayser & Robert Quinn. (2019) Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for Spinal Cord Protection. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 30:4, pages S87-S99.
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Daniel K Kornhall, Jørgen Joakim Jørgensen, Tor Brommeland, Per Kristian Hyldmo, Helge Asbjørnsen, Thomas Dolven, Thomas Hansen & Elisabeth Jeppesen. (2017) The Norwegian guidelines for the prehospital management of adult trauma patients with potential spinal injury. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 25:1.
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M. Kreinest, B. Gliwitzky, P. A. Grützner & M. Münzberg. (2016) Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit eines neuen Protokolls zur Immobilisation der WirbelsäuleAnalysis of the applicability of a newly developed spinal immobilization protocol. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 19:6, pages 473-482.
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Joe Francis. (2015) A critical appraisal of the pre-hospital management of cervical spine injury in children and young people. Journal of Paramedic Practice 7:3, pages 142-148.
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Robert H. Quinn, Jason Williams, Brad L. Bennett, Gregory Stiller, Arthur A. Islas & Seth McCord. (2014) Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Spine Immobilization in the Austere Environment: 2014 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 25:4, pages S105-S117.
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David Conner, Ian Greaves, Keith Porter & Mark Bloch. (2014) Pre-hospital spinal immobilisation: an initial consensus statement. Journal of Paramedic Practice 6:5, pages 242-246.
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Wilfred C. MezueEphraim OnyiaIzuchukwu C. IlloabachieMark C. ChikaniSamuel C. Ohaegbulam. (2013) Care Related and Transit Neuronal Injuries after Cervical Spine Trauma: State of Care and Practice in Nigeria. Journal of Neurotrauma 30:18, pages 1602-1607.
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Nicholas Theodore, Mark N. Hadley, Bizhan Aarabi, Sanjay S. Dhall, Daniel E. Gelb, R. John Hurlbert, Curtis J. Rozzelle, Timothy C. Ryken & Beverly C. Walters. (2013) Prehospital Cervical Spinal Immobilization After Trauma. Neurosurgery 72:supplement 2, pages 22-34.
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Gina M. Berg, Mandy Spence, Simon Patton, David Acuna & Paul B. Harrison. (2012) Pressure ulcers in the trauma population. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 72:3, pages 793-795.
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Henry AhnJeffrey SinghAvery NathensRussell D. MacDonaldAndrew TraversJohn TallonMichael G. FehlingsAlbert Yee. (2011) Pre-Hospital Care Management of a Potential Spinal Cord Injured Patient: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Evidence-Based Guidelines. Journal of Neurotrauma 28:8, pages 1341-1361.
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Richard B. Rodgers, Eric M. Horn & Volker K.H. Sonntag. 2011. Rothman Simeone The Spine. Rothman Simeone The Spine 1422 1435 .
David Markenson, Jeffrey D. Ferguson, Leon Chameides, Pascal Cassan, Kin-Lai Chung, Jonathan Epstein, Louis Gonzales, Rita Ann Herrington, Jeffrey L. Pellegrino, Norda Ratcliff & Adam Singer. (2010) Part 17: First Aid. Circulation 122:18_suppl_3.
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David Markenson, Jeffrey D. Ferguson, Leon Chameides, Pascal Cassan, Kin-Lai Chung, Jonathan L. Epstein, Louis Gonzales, Mary Fran Hazinski, Rita Ann Herrington, Jeffrey L. Pellegrino, Norda Ratcliff & Adam J. Singer. (2010) Part 13: First Aid. Circulation 122:16_suppl_2.
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M. Frink, C. Zeckey, C. Haasper, C. Krettek & F. Hildebrand. (2010) Verletzungsschwere und -muster am UnfallortInjury severity and pattern at the scene. Der Unfallchirurg 113:5, pages 360-365.
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Howard A. Klausner & Robert B. Dunne. (2012) Survey of Emergency Preparedness in Michigan. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25:S1, pages S17-S18.
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Julian Blackham & Jonathan Benger. (2009) `Clearing' the cervical spine in conscious trauma patients. Trauma 11:2, pages 93-109.
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Lucas A. Myers, Christopher S. Russi, Daniel G. Hankins, Kathleen S. Berns & Scott P. Zietlow. (2009) Efficacy and compliance of a prehospital spinal immobilization guideline. International Journal of Emergency Medicine 2:1, pages 13-17.
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Wendy L. Thompson, Ian G. Stiell, Catherine M. Clement & Robert J. Brison. (2015) Association of injury mechanism with the risk of cervical spine fractures. CJEM 11:01, pages 14-22.
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M. Perry & C. Morris. (2008) Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all?. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37:4, pages 309-320.
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Bernhard Tins & Victor Cassar-Pullicino. (2007) Controversies in “Clearing” Trauma to the Cervical Spine. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 28:2, pages 94-100.
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John H. Burton, Matthew G. Dunn, Nathan R. Harmon, Tari A. Hermanson & Jay R. Bradshaw. (2006) A Statewide, Prehospital Emergency Medical Service Selective Patient Spine Immobilization Protocol. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 61:1, pages 161-167.
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Christopher Wagner & Paul Mazurek. (2006) Current practice in pediatric immobilization—an editorial. Air Medical Journal 25:4, pages 144-148.
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Abid U. Ghafoor, Timothy W. Martin, Senthil Gopalakrishnan & Sanjaya Viswamitra. (2005) Caring for the patients with cervical spine injuries: what have we learned?. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 17:8, pages 640-649.
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. (2005) Part 10: First Aid. Circulation 112:22_supplement.
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B. A. Leidel, K.-G. Kanz & W. Mutschler. (2005) Evidenzbasiertes diagnostisches Vorgehen bei Verdacht auf stumpfes HWS-TraumaPatient management guidelines for blunt cervical spine injuries. Der Unfallchirurg 108:11, pages 905-919.
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Robert M. Domeier, Shirley M. Frederiksen & Kathy Welch. (2005) Prospective Performance Assessment of an Out-of-Hospital Protocol for Selective Spine Immobilization Using Clinical Spine Clearance Criteria. Annals of Emergency Medicine 46:2, pages 123-131.
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Irene Kwan & Frances Bunn. (2012) Effects of Prehospital Spinal Immobilization: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials on Healthy Subjects. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20:1, pages 47-53.
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B.J. Tins & V.N. Cassar-Pullicino. (2004) Imaging of acute cervical spine injuries: review and outlook. Clinical Radiology 59:10, pages 865-880.
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C. G. T. Morris & É. McCoy. (2004) Clearing the cervical spine in unconscious polytrauma victims, balancing risks and effective screening. Anaesthesia 59:5, pages 464-482.
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Mark Hauswald & Darren Braude. (2002) Spinal immobilization in trauma patients: is it really necessary?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 8:6, pages 566-570.
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Robert M. Domeier, Robert A. Swor, Rawden W. Evans, J. Brian Hancock, William Fales, Jon Krohmer, Shirley M. Frederiksen, Edgardo J. Rivera-Rivera & M. Anthony Schork. (2002) Multicenter Prospective Validation of Prehospital Clinical Spinal Clearance Criteria. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 53:4, pages 744-750.
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R. Mackenzie. (2002) Spinal Injuries. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 148:2, pages 163-171.
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GEORGE FOLTIN, DAVID MARKENSON, MICHAEL TUNIK, CHARLES WELLBORN, MARSHA TREIBER & ARTHUR COOPER. (2002) Assessment of pediatric patients by emergency medical technicians-basic. Pediatric Emergency Care 18:2, pages 81-85.
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. (2002) Bibliography. Neurosurgery 50:suppl_3, pages S179-S198.
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. (2002) Cervical Spine Immobilization before Admission to the Hospital. Neurosurgery 50:suppl_3, pages S7-S17.
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Terri Schmidt, Regina Atcheson, Carol Federiuk, N. Clay Mann, Tannert Pinney, Dave Fuller & Kyran Colbry. (2008) Evaluation of Protocols Allowing Emergency Medical Technicians to Determine Need for Treatment and Transport. Academic Emergency Medicine 7:6, pages 663-669.
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