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Original Article

Addiction, Physical Dependence, and Tolerance

Precise Definitions to Help Clinicians Evaluate and Treat Chronic Pain Patients

(Assistant Clinical Professor)
Pages 15-29 | Received 20 May 2002, Accepted 01 Aug 2002, Published online: 17 Aug 2009

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Read on this site (5)

Alessandro Parisi, Maria Vittoria Pensieri, Alessio Cortellini, Carla D’Orazio, Corrado Ficorella, Lucilla Verna & Giampiero Porzio. (2020) Haloperidol for the treatment of opioid addiction in advanced cancer patients: a case series. Journal of Addictive Diseases 38:2, pages 229-234.
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Veronica Carullo, Ingrid Fitz-James & Ellise Delphin. (2015) Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia: A Diagnostic Dilemma. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 29:4, pages 378-384.
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Arthur G. Lipman. (2013) Understanding Opioid Tolerance: A Seriously Overestimated Phenomenon. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 27:4, pages 318-319.
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DouglasL. Gourlay & HowardA. Heit. (2008) Pain and Addiction: Managing Risk Through Comprehensive Care. Journal of Addictive Diseases 27:3, pages 23-30.
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Douglas L. Gourlay, Howard A. Heit & Andrew J. Smith. 2022. Clinical Pain Management. Clinical Pain Management 407 418 .
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Genevieve D’Souza, Anava A Wren, Christina Almgren, Alexandra C. Ross, Amanda Marshall & Brenda Golianu. (2018) Pharmacological Strategies for Decreasing Opioid Therapy and Management of Side Effects from Chronic Use. Children 5:12, pages 163.
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Martin D. Cheatle. (2015) Prescription Opioid Misuse, Abuse, Morbidity, and Mortality: Balancing Effective Pain Management and Safety. Pain Medicine 16:suppl 1, pages S3-S8.
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Massimo Bellini. (2015) Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation: Fact and fiction. World Journal of Gastroenterology 21:40, pages 11362.
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Joseph V. PergolizziJr.Jr., Christopher Gharibo, Steven Passik, Sumedha Labhsetwar, Robert TaylorJr.Jr., Jason S. Pergolizzi & Gerhard Müller-Schwefe. (2012) Dynamic risk factors in the misuse of opioid analgesics. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 72:6, pages 443-451.
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Nada Ali & D.I. Thomson. (2009) A comparison of the knowledge of chronic pain and its management between final year physiotherapy and medical students. European Journal of Pain 13:1, pages 38-50.
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Ronald Kanner. 2009. Pain Management Secrets. Pain Management Secrets 9 14 .
Kimberly L. Bobbitt, L. Marie Keplinger & Husam K. Althari. (2008) Understanding Addiction: The Orthopedic Surgical Perspective to a Significant Problem. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 25:3, pages 493-515.
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Wen-Jinn Liaw, Xu-Guang Zhu, Myron Yaster, Roger A Johns, Estelle B Gauda & Yuan-Xiang Tao. (2008) Distinct Expression of Synaptic NR2A and NR2B in the Central Nervous System and Impaired Morphine Tolerance and Physical Dependence in Mice Deficient in Postsynaptic Density-93 Protein. Molecular Pain 4, pages 1744-8069-4-45.
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Silvia S. Martins, Lilian A. Ghandour & Howard D. Chilcoat. (2007) Profile of dependence symptoms among extramedical opioid analgesic users. Addictive Behaviors 32:10, pages 2003-2019.
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JOSEPH MOLEA. 2006. Cancer Pain. Cancer Pain 235 252 .
Charles P. O'Brien & Eliot L. Gardner. (2005) Critical assessment of how to study addiction and its treatment: Human and non-human animal models. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 108:1, pages 18-58.
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