519
Views
83
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

ONE-, THREE-, AND SIX-MONTH OUTCOMES AFTER BRIEF INPATIENT OPIOID DETOXIFICATION

, Ph.D., , M.D., , M.D. & , Ph.D.
Pages 19-44 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (18)

Amanda Sharp, Amanda Armstrong, Kathleen Moore, Melissa Carlson & David Braughton. (2021) Patient Perspectives on Detox: Practical and Personal Considerations through a Lens of Patient-Centered Care. Substance Use & Misuse 56:11, pages 1593-1606.
Read now
Nirvana Morgan, William Daniels & Ugasvaree Subramaney. (2020) An Inverse Relationship Between Alcohol and Heroin Use in Heroin Users Post Detoxification. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 11, pages 1-8.
Read now
Grace Chang, Edwin Raffi, Michael Tang, Gerard I. Fernando, Jarred Zucker & Abigail Z. Schein. (2016) High utilization of inpatient detoxification: predictors among US veterans. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 42:3, pages 279-286.
Read now
Paolo Mannelli, Kathleen Peindl, Li-Tzy Wu, Ashwin A. Patkar & David A. Gorelick. (2012) The Combination Very Low-Dose Naltrexone–Clonidine in the Management of Opioid Withdrawal. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 38:3, pages 200-205.
Read now
LucyK. Ford & Patrick Zarate. (2010) Closing the Gaps: The Impact of Inpatient Detoxification and Continuity of Care on Client Outcomes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 42:sup6, pages 303-314.
Read now
Alexander M. Ponizovsky, Anatoly Margolis, Ludmila Heled, Paula Rosca, Irena Radomislensky & Alexander Grinshpoon. (2010) Improved Quality of Life, Clinical, and Psychosocial Outcomes Among Heroin-dependent Patients on Ambulatory Buprenorphine Maintenance. Substance Use & Misuse 45:1-2, pages 288-313.
Read now
Paolo Mannelli, Ashwin A Patkar, Kathleen Peindl, Edward Gottheil, Li-Tzy Wu & David A Gorelick. (2009) Early Outcomes Following Low Dose Naltrexone Enhancement of Opioid Detoxification. American Journal on Addictions 18:2, pages 109-116.
Read now
Elizabeth C. Katz, Robert P. Schwartz, Stuart King, David A. Highfield, Kevin E. O'Grady, Timothy Billings, Devang Gandhi, Eric Weintraub, David Glovinsky, Wardell Barksdale & Barry S. Brown. (2009) Brief vs. Extended Buprenorphine Detoxification in a Community Treatment Program: Engagement and Short-Term Outcomes. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 35:2, pages 63-67.
Read now
Hendrée E. Jones, Kevin E. O'Grady, Debbie Malfi & Michelle Tuten. (2008) Methadone Maintenance vs. Methadone Taper During Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. American Journal on Addictions 17:5, pages 372-386.
Read now
Xin Li, Huiying Sun, Ajay Puri, DavidC. Marsh & AslamH. Anis. (2007) Factors Associated with Pretreatment and Treatment Dropouts Among Clients Admitted to Medical Withdrawal Management. Journal of Addictive Diseases 26:3, pages 77-85.
Read now
Michelle Tuten, Hendree E. Jones, Elizabeth W. Lertch & Maxine L. Stitzer. (2007) Aftercare Plans of Inpatients Undergoing Detoxification. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33:4, pages 547-555.
Read now
Kathleen Ang-Lee, MichaelR. Oreskovich, AndrewJ. Saxon, Craig Jaffe, Charles Meredith, Mei Ling K. Ellis, CarolA. Malte & PatriciaC. Knox. (2006) Single Dose of 24 Milligrams of Buprenorphine for Heroin Detoxification: An Open-label Study of Five Inpatients. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 38:4, pages 505-512.
Read now
JohnW. Davison, MarieL. Sweeney, KristenR. Bush, TaniaM. Davis Correale, DonaldA. Calsyn, JosephP. Reoux, KevinL. Sloan & DanielR. Kivlahan. (2006) Outpatient Treatment Engagement and Abstinence Rates Following Inpatient Opioid Detoxification. Journal of Addictive Diseases 25:4, pages 27-35.
Read now
CaraM. Renzelli & NeilA. Capretto. (2006) Less Pain, More Gain. Journal of Addictive Diseases 25:3, pages 97-104.
Read now
Maree Teesson, Alys Havard, Maree Teesson, Alys Havard, Joanne Ross & Shane Darke. (2006) Outcomes after detoxification for heroin dependence: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). Drug and Alcohol Review 25:3, pages 241-247.
Read now
Ed Day, Kaye Fisher, Jacqueline Watson, Omar Al‐Gommer & Thomas McCormick. (2003) The role of detoxification using methadone reduction in a drug treatment service. Journal of Substance Use 8:4, pages 252-259.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (65)

George C. Coleman, Joseph B. Williams, Katherine E. McDougal, Michael N. Zarzar & Michael H. Baca-Atlas. (2023) Real World Outcomes in Uninsured Patients with Opioid Use Disorder Transitioning from Inpatient to Outpatient Treatment. North Carolina Medical Journal 84:2.
Crossref
Halil İbrahim ÖLÇÜM & Mehmet Emrah KARADERE. (2023) Opioid Kullanım Bozukluğu arındırma sürecinde ağrının yönetimi: Konfor Kuramı ve Nörobilim temelinde bir yaklaşımManagement of pain in Opioid Use Disorders during detoxification: A psychiatric nursing approach with the context of Comfort Theory and Neuroscience. Hitit Medical Journal 5:1, pages 52-56.
Crossref
Christina Marel, Jack Wilson, Shane Darke, Joanne Ross, Tim Slade, Paul S. Haber, Katherine Haasnoot, Rachel Visontay, Madeleine Keaveny, Chris Tremonti, Katherine L. Mills & Maree Teesson. (2023) Patterns and Predictors of Heroin Use, Remission, and Psychiatric Health Among People with Heroin Dependence: Key Findings from the 18–20-Year Follow-Up of the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.
Crossref
Anastasia Hudgins, Beth Uzwiak, Lia Pizzicato & Kendra Viner. (2021) Barriers to effective care: Specialty drug treatment in Philadelphia. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 131, pages 108639.
Crossref
Miranda G. Greiner, Matisyahu Shulman, Tse-Hwei Choo, Jennifer Scodes, Martina Pavlicova, Aimee N.C. Campbell, Patricia Novo, Marc Fishman, Joshua D. Lee, John Rotrosen & Edward V. Nunes. (2021) Naturalistic follow-up after a trial of medications for opioid use disorder: Medication status, opioid use, and relapse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 131, pages 108447.
Crossref
Dahlia Mukherjee, Dean M. Stankoski, Sarah E. Tilden, Andrew S. Huhn, Edward O. Bixler, Lan Kong, Roger E. Meyer, Erin Deneke, Christopher S. Freet & Scott C. Bunce. (2021) Reregulation of cortisol levels and sleep in patients with prescription opioid use disorder during long-term residential treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 227, pages 108931.
Crossref
Michael D. Stein, Kristina T. Phillips, Debra S. Herman, Julia Keosaian, Catherine Stewart, Bradley J. Anderson, Zoe Weinstein & Jane Liebschutz. (2020) Skin‐cleaning among hospitalized people who inject drugs: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 116:5, pages 1122-1130.
Crossref
Charles J. Santos, Frances S. Shofer, Margaret Lowenstein & Jeanmarie Perrone. (2021) Discharges “Against Medical Advice” in Patients With Opioid-related Hospitalizations. Journal of Addiction Medicine 15:1, pages 49-54.
Crossref
Radha Sadacharan & Jody Rich. 2021. The Opioid Epidemic and Infectious Diseases. The Opioid Epidemic and Infectious Diseases 39 50 .
Gary W. Stablein, Bruce S. Hill, Samaneh Keshavarz & Maria D. Llorente. 2021. Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient. Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient 179 194 .
Heidi Zinzow, Lu Shi, Lior Rennert, Liwei Chen, Snehal Lopes, Lingling Zhang, Karyn Jones, Meenu Jindal, Claire Stam & Michael Mclain. (2020) Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention for opioid use disorders. Contemporary Clinical Trials 99, pages 106182.
Crossref
Michael Stein, Debra Herman, Micah Conti, Bradley Anderson & Genie Bailey. (2019) Initiating buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder during short‐term in‐patient ‘detoxification’: a randomized clinical trial. Addiction 115:1, pages 82-94.
Crossref
Ojas Mainkar, Miranda Greiner, Jonathan Avery & Neel Mehta. 2020. Guide to the Inpatient Pain Consult. Guide to the Inpatient Pain Consult 495 518 .
Kelly E. Dunn, Andrew S. Huhn & Eric C. Strain. (2019) Differential adoption of opioid agonist treatments in detoxification and outpatient settings. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 107, pages 24-28.
Crossref
Alyse M. Reichheld, Kelsey Hills-Evans, Julia K. Sheehan, Noah X. Tocci, Mudit Tandon, Douglas Hsu, John Marshall, Sharon O'Donoghue & Jennifer P. Stevens. (2019) A national survey of approaches to manage the ICU patient with opioid use disorder. Journal of Critical Care 54, pages 42-47.
Crossref
Nirvana Morgan, William Daniels & Ugasvaree Subramaney. (2019) A prospective observational study of heroin users in Johannesburg, South Africa: Assessing psychiatric comorbidities and treatment outcomes. Comprehensive Psychiatry 95, pages 152137.
Crossref
Christine Timko, Maureen Below, Lisa Vittorio, Emmeline Taylor, Grace Chang, Steven Lash, Fe Erlita D. Festin & Deborah Brief. (2019) Randomized controlled trial of enhanced telephone monitoring with detoxification patients: 3- and 6-month outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 99, pages 24-31.
Crossref
AALOK R. SANJANWALA & LORIE M. HARPER. (2019) Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 62:1, pages 191-207.
Crossref
Dhione Almeida do Carmo, Sonia Maria Motta Palma, Ariadne Ribeiro, Alisson Paulino Trevizol, Elisa Brietzke, Renata Rigacci Abdalla, Ana Leonor Sala Alonso, Claudio Jerónimo da Silva, Quirino Cordeiro, Ronaldo Laranjeira & Marcelo Ribeiro. (2018) Preliminary results from Brazil's first recovery housing program. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40:4, pages 285-291.
Crossref
Stephen M. Stahl. (2018) Antagonist treatment is just as effective as replacement therapy for opioid addiction but neither is used often enough. CNS Spectrums 23:2, pages 113-116.
Crossref
Edward V. Nunes, Michael Gordon, Peter D. Friedmann, Marc J. Fishman, Joshua D. Lee, Donna T. Chen, Mei Chen Hu, Tamara Y. Boney, Donna Wilson & Charles P. O'Brien. (2018) Relapse to opioid use disorder after inpatient treatment: Protective effect of injection naltrexone. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 85, pages 49-55.
Crossref
Peter D. Friedmann & Joji Suzuki. (2017) More beds are not the answer: transforming detoxification units into medication induction centers to address the opioid epidemic. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 12:1.
Crossref
Ali S. Raja, Emily S. Miller, Efrén J. Flores, Sarah E. Wakeman & George Eng. (2017) Case 37-2017. New England Journal of Medicine 377:22, pages 2181-2188.
Crossref
Paul Trowbridge, Zoe M. Weinstein, Todd Kerensky, Payel Roy, Danny Regan, Jeffrey H. Samet & Alexander Y. Walley. (2017) Addiction consultation services – Linking hospitalized patients to outpatient addiction treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 79, pages 1-5.
Crossref
Angelo G. I. Maremmani, Pier Paolo Pani, Luca Rovai, Silvia Bacciardi & Icro Maremmani. (2017) Toward the Identification of a Specific Psychopathology of Substance Use Disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry 8.
Crossref
Peter J. Kelly, Joanne Leung, Frank P. Deane & Geoffrey C. B. Lyons. (2016) Predicting client attendance at further treatment following drug and alcohol detoxification: Theory of Planned Behaviour and Implementation Intentions. Drug and Alcohol Review 35:6, pages 678-685.
Crossref
Edward V. Nunes, Joshua D Lee, Dominic Sisti, Andrea Segal, Arthur Caplan, Marc Fishman, Genie Bailey, Gregory Brigham, Patricia Novo, Sarah Farkas & John Rotrosen. (2016) Ethical and clinical safety considerations in the design of an effectiveness trial: A comparison of buprenorphine versus naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence. Contemporary Clinical Trials 51, pages 34-43.
Crossref
Susan E. RamseyDan RounsavilleRandall HoskinsonTae Woo ParkEvan G. AmesVictor D. NeirinckxPeter Friedmann. (2016) The Need for Psychosocial Interventions to Facilitate the Transition to Extended-Release Naltrexone (XR-NTX) Treatment for Opioid Dependence: A Concise Review of the Literature. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 10, pages SART.S39067.
Crossref
Byron C. Calhoun. 2016. Tobacco Cessation and Substance Abuse Treatment in Women’s Healthcare. Tobacco Cessation and Substance Abuse Treatment in Women’s Healthcare 135 155 .
Byron C. Calhoun. 2016. Tobacco Cessation and Substance Abuse Treatment in Women’s Healthcare. Tobacco Cessation and Substance Abuse Treatment in Women’s Healthcare 101 121 .
Byron C. Calhoun. 2016. Tobacco Cessation and Substance Abuse Treatment in Women’s Healthcare. Tobacco Cessation and Substance Abuse Treatment in Women’s Healthcare 1 24 .
Michael D. Stein, Bradley J. Anderson & Genie L. Bailey. (2015) Preferences for Aftercare Among Persons Seeking Short-Term Opioid Detoxification. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 59, pages 99-103.
Crossref
Michael A. Cucciare, Eric A. Coleman & Christine Timko. (2014) A conceptual model to facilitate transitions from primary care to specialty substance use disorder care: a review of the literature. Primary Health Care Research & Development 16:05, pages 492-505.
Crossref
Maree Teesson, Christina Marel, Shane Darke, Joanne Ross, Tim Slade, Lucy Burns, Michael Lynskey, Sonja Memedovic, Joanne White & Katherine L. Mills. (2015) Long-term mortality, remission, criminality and psychiatric comorbidity of heroin dependence: 11-year findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study. Addiction 110:6, pages 986-993.
Crossref
Thomas F. Northrup, Angela L. Stotts, Charles Green, Jennifer S. Potter, Elise N. Marino, Robrina Walker, Roger D. Weiss & Madhukar Trivedi. (2015) Opioid withdrawal, craving, and use during and after outpatient buprenorphine stabilization and taper: A discrete survival and growth mixture model. Addictive Behaviors 41, pages 20-28.
Crossref
Farrukh Alam & Peter Barker. (2014) Interruption of medication-assisted treatment for opioid dependence: insights from the UK. Drugs and Alcohol Today 14:3, pages 114-125.
Crossref
Alison M. Diaper, Fergus D. Law & Jan K. Melichar. (2014) Pharmacological strategies for detoxification. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 77:2, pages 302-314.
Crossref
Christine Timko, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, John McKellar & Mark Ilgen. (2013) Detoxification History and 2-Year Outcomes of Substance Use Disorder Treatment and Mutual-Help Group Participation. Journal of Drug Issues 44:1, pages 4-21.
Crossref
Kelly L. Huffman, Giries W. Sweis, Allison Gase, Judith Scheman & Edward C. Covington. (2013) Opioid Use 12 Months Following Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation with Weaning. Pain Medicine 14:12, pages 1908-1917.
Crossref
Angela L. Stotts, Charles Green, Akihiko Masuda, John Grabowski, Kelly Wilson, Thomas F. Northrup, F. Gerard Moeller & Joy M. Schmitz. (2012) A Stage I pilot study of acceptance and commitment therapy for methadone detoxification. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 125:3, pages 215-222.
Crossref
Fabrizio Schifano, Giovanni Martinotti, Anna Cunniff, Volker Reissner, Norbert Scherbaum & Hamid Ghodse. (2012) Impact of an 18‐Month, NHS‐Based, Treatment Exposure for Heroin Dependence: Results from the London Area Treat 2000 Study. The American Journal on Addictions 21:3, pages 268-273.
Crossref
Michelle Tuten, Anthony DeFulio, Hendrée E. Jones & Maxine Stitzer. (2012) Abstinence‐contingent recovery housing and reinforcement‐based treatment following opioid detoxification. Addiction 107:5, pages 973-982.
Crossref
Antonia Serrano & Loren H. Parsons. (2011) Endocannabinoid influence in drug reinforcement, dependence and addiction-related behaviors. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 132:3, pages 215-241.
Crossref
Yi-Jing Li, Fei Zhong, Peng Yu, Ji-Sheng Han, Cai-Lian Cui & Liu-Zhen Wu. (2011) Electroacupuncture Treatment Normalized Sleep Disturbance in Morphine Withdrawal Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Robert E. Booth, Barbara K. Campbell, Susan K. Mikulich-Gilbertson, Carrie J. Tillotson, Dongseok Choi, James Robinson, Donald A. Calsyn, Raul N. Mandler, Lindsay M. Jenkins, Laetitia L. Thompson, Catherine L. Dempsey, Michael R. Liepman & Dennis McCarty. (2010) Reducing HIV-Related Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Residential Detoxification. AIDS and Behavior 15:1, pages 30-44.
Crossref
Louise Mullen, Eamon Keenan, Joseph Barry, Jean Long, Deirdre Mulholland, Loretto Grogan & Ide Delargy. (2010) Factors predicting completion in a cohort of opiate users entering a detoxification programme. Irish Journal of Medical Science 179:4, pages 569-573.
Crossref
Christopher W. Shanahan, Donna Beers, Daniel P. Alford, Eileen Brigandi & Jeffrey H. Samet. (2010) A Transitional Opioid Program to Engage Hospitalized Drug Users. Journal of General Internal Medicine 25:8, pages 803-808.
Crossref
Barbara K. Campbell, Carrie J. Tillotson, Dongseok Choi, Katherine Bryant, Jessica DiCenzo, Scott E. Provost, Lucy Zammarelli, Robert E. Booth & Dennis McCarty. (2010) Predicting outpatient treatment entry following detoxification for injection drug use: The impact of patient and program factors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 38, pages S87-S96.
Crossref
Philipp Lobmaier, Michael Gossop, Helge Waal & Jorgen Bramness. (2010) The pharmacological treatment of opioid addiction—a clinical perspective. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 66:6, pages 537-545.
Crossref
Thomas M. Wickizer, David Mancuso, Kevin Campbell & Barbara Lucenko. (2009) Evaluation of the Washington State Access to Recovery project: Effects on Medicaid costs for working age disabled clients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 37:3, pages 240-246.
Crossref
C. Patrick Carroll, Patrick T. Triplett & Francis M. Mondimore. (2009) The Intensive Treatment Unit: A brief inpatient detoxification facility demonstrating good postdetoxification treatment entry. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 37:2, pages 111-119.
Crossref
Paolo Mannelli, Ashwin A. Patkar, Kathi Peindl, David A. Gorelick, Li-Tzy Wu & Edward Gottheil. (2009) Very low dose naltrexone addition in opioid detoxification: a randomized, controlled trial. Addiction Biology 14:2, pages 204-213.
Crossref
Maree Teesson, Katherine Mills, Joanne Ross, Shane Darke, Anna Williamson & Alys Havard. (2007) The impact of treatment on 3 years' outcome for heroin dependence: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). Addiction 103:1, pages 80-88.
Crossref
Janet M. Soeffing & Darius A. Rastegar. (2007) Treatment completion on an inpatient detoxification unit: Impact of a change to sublingual buprenorphine–naloxone. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 33:4, pages 401-404.
Crossref
Paolo Mannelli, Ashwin A. Patkar, Kathleen Peindl, Heather W. Murray, Li-Tzy Wu & Robert Hubbard. (2007) Effectiveness of Low-Dose Naltrexone in the Post-Detoxification Treatment of Opioid Dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27:5, pages 468-474.
Crossref
J. McCambridge, M. Gossop, T. Beswick, D. Best, J. Bearn, S. Rees & J. Strang. (2007) In-patient detoxification procedures, treatment retention, and post-treatment opiate use: Comparison of lofexidine+naloxone, lofexidine+placebo, and methadone. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 88:1, pages 91-95.
Crossref
Tami L. Mark, Rita Vandivort-Warren & Leslie B. Montejano. (2006) Factors affecting detoxification readmission: Analysis of public sector data from three states. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 31:4, pages 439-445.
Crossref
M.D. Shanahan, C.M. Doran, E. Digiusto, J. Bell, N. Lintzeris, J. White, R. Ali, J.B. Saunders, R.P. Mattick & S. Gilmour. (2006) A cost-effectiveness analysis of heroin detoxification methods in the Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence (NEPOD). Addictive Behaviors 31:3, pages 371-387.
Crossref
. 2006. Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Drug and Alcohol Abuse 164 191 .
Bobby P. Smyth, Joe Barry, Alison Lane, Mary Cotter, Mary O'Neill, Caroline Quinn & Eamon Keenan. (2018) In-patient treatment of opiate dependence: medium-term follow-up outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 187:4, pages 360-365.
Crossref
Hendree E. Jones, Conrad J. Wong, Michelle Tuten & Maxine L. Stitzer. (2005) Reinforcement-based therapy: 12-month evaluation of an outpatient drug-free treatment for heroin abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 79:2, pages 119-128.
Crossref
Michael R. Oreskovich, Andrew J. Saxon, Mei Ling K. Ellis, Carol A. Malte, Joseph P. Reoux & Patricia C. Knox. (2005) A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, prospective pilot study of the partial Mu opiate agonist, buprenorphine, for acute detoxification from heroin. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 77:1, pages 71-79.
Crossref
Devang H. Gandhi, Jerome H. Jaffe, Scot McNary, Greg J. Kavanagh, Michael Hayes & Marian Currens. (2003) Short‐term outcomes after brief ambulatory opioid detoxification with buprenorphine in young heroin users. Addiction 98:4, pages 453-462.
Crossref
Russell C Callaghan & John A Cunningham. (2002) Gender differences in detoxification: predictors of completion and re-admission. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 23:4, pages 399-407.
Crossref
Russell C Callaghan & John A Cunningham. (2002) Intravenous and non-intravenous cocaine abusers admitted to inpatient detoxification treatment: a 3-year medical-chart review of patient characteristics and predictors of treatment re-admission. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68:3, pages 323-328.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.