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Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology Volume 37, 1999 - Issue 7
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Research Article

Hydroxychloroquine Overdose: Toxicokinetics and Management

Peter Jordan The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
,
Jennifer G. Brookes The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
,
George Nikolic The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
,
David G. Le Couteur The Canberra Clinical School of the University of Sydney, Garran, Australia
&
Dr. David Le Couteur The Canberra Clinical School of the University of Sydney, The Canberra Hospital, Yamba Drive, Garran, ACT, 2605, Australia
Pages 861-864 | Published online: 22 Dec 1999

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Cassandra Doyno, Diana M. Sobieraj & William L. Baker. (2021) Toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine following therapeutic use or overdose. Clinical Toxicology 59:1, pages 12-23.
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Bruno Mégarbane, Vanessa Bloch, Deborah Hirt, Marcel Debray, Dabor Résiére, Nicolas Deye & Frédéric J. Baud. (2010) Blood concentrations are better predictors of chioroquine poisoning severity than plasma concentrations: a prospective study with modeling of the concentration/effect relationships. Clinical Toxicology 48:9, pages 904-915.
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Chun-Yu Chen, Feng-Lin Wang & Chih-Chuan Lin. (2006) Chronic Hydroxychloroquine Use Associated with QT Prolongation and Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmia. Clinical Toxicology 44:2, pages 173-175.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

M. Matrouf, A. Loudiki, M. Azriouil, F. Laghrib, R. Ait Akbour, A. Farahi, M. Bakasse, S. Saqrane, S. Lahrich & M.A. El Mhammedi. (2022) Electrochemical behavior of hydroxychloroquine on natural phosphate and its determination in pharmaceuticals and biological media. Materials Chemistry and Physics 287, pages 126340.
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Ana V. Pejčić. (2022) Acute Hydroxychloroquine Overdose. Pediatric Emergency Care 38:4, pages 174-182.
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Sujan N. Agrawal. (2021) Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: The History Revisited. African Journal of Biology and Medical Research 4:4, pages 1-7.
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Federico Romano, Salvatore D’Agate & Oscar Pasqua. (2021) Model-Informed Repurposing of Medicines for SARS-CoV-2: Extrapolation of Antiviral Activity and Dose Rationale for Paediatric Patients. Pharmaceutics 13:8, pages 1299.
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Waiting Tai, Michael Yee Tak Chow, Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang, Patricia Tang, Igor Gonda, Robert B. MacArthur, Hak-Kim Chan & Philip Chi Lip Kwok. (2021) Nebulised Isotonic Hydroxychloroquine Aerosols for Potential Treatment of COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 13:8, pages 1260.
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Romain Muller. (2021) Systemic toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: prevalence, mechanisms, risk factors, prognostic and screening possibilities. Rheumatology International 41:7, pages 1189-1202.
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Goswin Onsia & Sarah Bots. (2021) Nearly Fatal Hydroxychloroquine Overdose Successfully Treated with Midazolam, Propofol, Sodium Bicarbonate, Norepinephrine, and Intravenous Lipid Emulsion. Case Reports in Emergency Medicine 2021, pages 1-6.
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Matthew Hooks, Bradley Bart, Orly Vardeny, Anders Westanmo & Selçuk Adabag. (2020) Effects of hydroxychloroquine treatment on QT interval. Heart Rhythm 17:11, pages 1930-1935.
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Alessandra Della Porta, Kasha Bornstein, Austin Coye, Tim Montrief, Brit Long & Mehruba Anwar Parris. (2020) Acute chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity: A review for emergency clinicians. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 38:10, pages 2209-2217.
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Thirupathi Dongala, Naresh Kumar Katari, Ashok Kumar Palakurthi, Lakshmi Narasimha Rao Katakam & Vishnu Murthy Marisetti. (2020) Stability Indicating LC Method Development for Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Impurities as Available for Treatment of COVID-19 and Evaluation of Risk Assessment Prior to Method Validation by Quality by Design Approach. Chromatographia 83:10, pages 1269-1281.
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Yang Song & Elise Fields. (2020) Pharmacological Advances of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: From Antimalarials to Investigative Therapies in COVID-19. Natural Product Communications 15:9, pages 1934578X2095364.
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Michael A. Chary, Alexander F. Barbuto, Sudeh Izadmehr, Bryan D. Hayes & Michele M. Burns. (2020) COVID-19: Therapeutics and Their Toxicities. Journal of Medical Toxicology 16:3, pages 284-294.
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Jacob Lesbin & Kathy LeSaint. (2020) Brief Review of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity and Management. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 21:4.
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Jonathan de Olano, Mary Ann Howland, Mark K. Su, Robert S. Hoffman & Rana Biary. (2019) Toxicokinetics of hydroxychloroquine following a massive overdose. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 37:12, pages 2264.e5-2264.e8.
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Joshua B. Radke, Jennie M. Kingery, Jon Maakestad & Matthew D. Krasowski. (2019) Diagnostic pitfalls and laboratory test interference after hydroxychloroquine intoxication: A case report. Toxicology Reports 6, pages 1040-1046.
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Luke R. Murphy, Kevin F. MaskellKarl J. Kmiecik & Brett M. Shaffer. (2018) Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Use for Severe Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity. American Journal of Therapeutics 25:2, pages e273-e275.
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Peter B Chansky & Victoria P Werth. (2017) Accidental hydroxychloroquine overdose resulting in neurotoxic vestibulopathy. BMJ Case Reports, pages bcr-2016-218786.
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Isabel GomilaLoreto QuesadaVictoria López-CorominasJulia FernándezMiguel Á. ServeraLaura SahuquilloMacarena Dastis, Albert TorrentsBernardino Barceló. (2017) Cross-Reactivity of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine With DRI Amphetamine Immunoassay. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 39:2, pages 192-196.
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Riham S. H. M. Allam, Mai N. Abd-Elmohsen, Mohamed M. Khafagy, Karim A. Raafat & Sherif M. Sheta. (2015) Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Preclinical Chloroquine Maculopathy in Egyptian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Journal of Ophthalmology 2015, pages 1-7.
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Marion Soichot, Bruno Mégarbane, Pascal Houzé, Lucie Chevillard, Julien Fonsart, Frédéric J. Baud, Olivier Laprévote & Emmanuel Bourgogne. (2014) Development, validation and clinical application of a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of hydroxychloroquine and its active metabolites in human whole blood. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 100, pages 131-137.
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Marc Lamphier, Wanjun Zheng, Eicke Latz, Mark Spyvee, Hans Hansen, Jeffrey Rose, Melinda Genest, Hua Yang, Christina Shaffer, Yan Zhao, Yongchun Shen, Carrie Liu, Diana Liu, Thorsten R. Mempel, Christopher Rowbottom, Jesse Chow, Natalie C. Twine, Melvin Yu, Fabian Gusovsky & Sally T. Ishizaka. (2014) Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of TLR7 and TLR9: Mechanism of Action and Efficacy In Vivo. Molecular Pharmacology 85:3, pages 429-440.
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OF Wong, YC Chan, SK Lam, HT Fung & JKY Ho. (2017) Clinical Experience in the Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Hydroychloroquine and Chloroquine Overdose with Refractory Shock. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 18:4, pages 243-248.
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Man S. Oh. 2011. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 169 192 .
Bertrand Dussol. (2010) Équilibre potassique, hypokaliémie et hyperkaliémie. Néphrologie & Thérapeutique 6:3, pages 180-199.
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Anna Ling Ngan Wong, Ian Tsz Fung Cheung & Colin A. Graham. (2008) Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 15:1, pages 16-18.
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David L. Eldridge, Jason Van Eyk & Chad Kornegay. (2007) Pediatric Toxicology. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 25:2, pages 283-308.
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F. Mongenot, Y. Tessier Gonthier, F. Derderian, M. Durand & D. Blin. (2007) Traitement d'une intoxication à l'hydroxychloroquine par circulation extracorporelle. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 26:2, pages 164-167.
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HT Fung, KK Lam, OF Wong, B Lau & CW Kam. (2017) A Case of Fatal Hydroxychloroquine Overdose. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 14:1, pages 53-57.
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B. Dussol. (2006) Équilibre potassique. Hypokaliémie et hyperkaliémie. EMC - Néphrologie 1:1, pages 1-18.
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Michael J Matteucci. (2005) One Pill Can Kill: Assessing the Potential for Fatal Poisonings in Children. Pediatric Annals 34:12, pages 964-968.
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E. Reed Smith & Wendy Klein-Schwartz. (2005) Are 1–2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 28:4, pages 437-443.
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Falk R. Ochsendorf. 2005. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus 347 372 .
S. Yanturali, E. Aksay, O. F. Demir & R. Atilla. (2004) Massive hydroxychloroquine overdose. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 48:3, pages 379-381.
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Brenda L. Fredericksen, Bangdong L. Wei, Jian Yao, Tianci Luo & J. Victor Garcia. (2002) Inhibition of Endosomal/Lysosomal Degradation Increases the Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of Virology 76:22, pages 11440-11446.
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Kathy Marquardt & Timothy E. Albertson. (2001) Treatment of hydroxychloroquine overdose. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 19:5, pages 420-424.
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