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Original Articles

Ethical Issues Associated With the Assessment of Exaggeration, Poor Effort, and Malingering

Pages 77-90 | Published online: 07 Jun 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (31)

Melanie A. Mascarenhas, Jessica L. Cocunato, Irene T. Armstrong, Allyson G. Harrison & Konstantine K. Zakzanis. (2023) Base rates of non-credible performance in a post-secondary student sample seeking accessibility accommodations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 37:8, pages 1608-1628.
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Kelly Jack Lee Brooks & Karen A. Sullivan. (2023) Validating the modified Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (mRPQ). The Clinical Neuropsychologist 37:1, pages 207-226.
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Karl S. Grewal, Michaella Trites, Andrew Kirk, Stuart W. S. MacDonald, Debra Morgan, Rory Gowda-Sookochoff & Megan E. O'Connell. (2022) CVLT-II short form forced choice recognition in a clinical dementia sample: Cautions for performance validity assessment. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 0:0, pages 1-10.
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Brechje Dandachi-FitzGerald, Harald Merckelbach & Thomas Merten. (2022) Cry for help as a root cause of poor symptom validity: A critical note. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 0:0, pages 1-6.
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Ingrid Banovic, Federica Filippi, Donald J. Viglione, Fabrizio Scrima, Alessandro Zennaro, Angelo Zappalà & Luciano Giromini. (2022) Detecting Coached Feigning of Schizophrenia with the Inventory of Problems – 29 (IOP-29) and Its Memory Module (IOP-M): A Simulation Study on a French Community Sample. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 21:1, pages 37-53.
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David Murphy, Joanna Mitchell, Joseph Vacher, Emily Jane Morley & Ignazio Puzzo. (2021) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Full Scale IQ of Male Admissions to a High Secure Psychiatric Hospital Over Six Decades. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 20:4, pages 386-397.
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Heather E. Potts, Lawrence J. Lewandowski & Benjamin J. Lovett. (2021) The Multidimensional ADHD Rating Scale: A measure of symptoms, impairment, and symptom validity. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 43:4, pages 426-436.
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Luciano Giromini, Fernando Barbosa, Giulia Coga, Andreia Azeredo, Donald J. Viglione & Alessandro Zennaro. (2020) Using the inventory of problems – 29 (IOP-29) with the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in symptom validity assessment: A study with a Portuguese sample of experimental feigners. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 27:6, pages 504-516.
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Chantel D. Mayo, Vanessa Scarapicchia, Lara K. Robinson & Jodie R. Gawryluk. (2019) Neuropsychological assessment of traumatic brain injury: Current ethical challenges and recommendations for future practice. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 26:4, pages 383-391.
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Leslie C. Morey. (2019) Examining a novel performance validity task for the detection of feigned attentional problems. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 26:3, pages 255-267.
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Tyler A. Rickards, Christopher C. Cranston, Pegah Touradji & Kathleen T. Bechtold. (2018) Embedded performance validity testing in neuropsychological assessment: Potential clinical tools. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 25:3, pages 219-230.
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Benjamin David Hill, Melissa N. Womble & Martin L. Rohling. (2015) Logistic Regression Function for Detection of Suspicious Performance During Baseline Evaluations Using Concussion Vital Signs. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 22:3, pages 233-240.
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Mareike Suesse, Vivien W. C. Wong, Laura L. Stamper, Katherine N. Carpenter & Richard B. Scott. (2015) Evaluating the Clinical Utility of the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT): A Clinical Series. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 29:2, pages 214-231.
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Angela Fleming & Karen Rucas. (2015) Welcoming a Paradigm Shift in Occupational Therapy: Symptom Validity Measures and Cognitive Assessment. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 22:1, pages 23-31.
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Jamie Walter, Jeri Morris, Amy Swier-Vosnos & Neil Pliskin. (2014) Effects of Severity of Dementia on a Symptom Validity Measure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 28:7, pages 1197-1208.
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Stéphane Raffard, Delphine Capdevielle, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Marie-Christine Gely-Nargeot & Sophie Bayard. (2014) Can individuals with schizophrenia be instructed to deliberately feign memory deficits?. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 19:5, pages 414-426.
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Michael David Horner, Kathryn K. VanKirk, Clara E. Dismuke, Travis H. Turner & Wendy Muzzy. (2014) Inadequate Effort on Neuropsychological Evaluation is Associated With Increased Healthcare Utilization. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 28:5, pages 703-713.
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MaartenJ. V. Peters, KimI. M. van Oorsouw, Marko Jelicic & Harald Merckelbach. (2013) Let's use those tests! Evaluations of crime-related amnesia claims. Memory 21:5, pages 599-607.
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Karen A. Sullivan & Cameron Elliott. (2012) An Investigation of the Validity of the MMPI-2 Response Bias Scale Using an Analog Simulation Design. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 26:1, pages 160-176.
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Brechje Dandachi-FitzGerald, Rudolf W. H. M. Ponds, Maarten J. V. Peters & Harald Merckelbach. (2011) Cognitive Underperformance and Symptom Over-Reporting in a Mixed Psychiatric Sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 25:5, pages 812-828.
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Peter Giger, Thomas Merten, Harald Merckelbach & Margit Oswald. (2010) Detection of Feigned Crime-Related Amnesia: A Multi-Method Approach. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 10:5, pages 440-463.
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Kathryn Schenk & Karen A. Sullivan. (2010) Do warnings deter rather than produce more sophisticated malingering?. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 32:7, pages 752-762.
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Dominic A. Carone, Grant L. Iverson & Shane S. Bush. (2010) A Model to Approaching and Providing Feedback to Patients Regarding Invalid Test Performance in Clinical Neuropsychological Evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 24:5, pages 759-778.
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Patrick Armistead-Jehle. (2010) Symptom Validity Test Performance in U.S. Veterans Referred for Evaluation of Mild TBI. Applied Neuropsychology 17:1, pages 52-59.
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James D. Larsen, Mark D. Allen, Erin D. Bigler, Naomi J. Goodrich-Hunsaker & Ramona O. Hopkins. (2010) Different patterns of cerebral activation in genuine and malingered cognitive effort during performance on the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury 24:2, pages 89-99.
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Maurício Martins & Isabel P. Martins. (2010) Memory Malingering: Evaluating WMT Criteria. Applied Neuropsychology 17:3, pages 177-182.
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Roger O. Gervais, Yossef S. Ben-Porath & Dustin B. Wygant. (2009) Empirical Correlates and Interpretation of the MMPI-2-RF Cognitive Complaints (COG) Scale. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 23:6, pages 996-1015.
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Lloyd Flaro, Paul Green, Lloyd Flaro, Paul Green & Ellen Robertson. (2007) Word Memory Test failure 23 times higher in mild brain injury than in parents seeking custody: The power of external incentives. Brain Injury 21:4, pages 373-383.
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Articles from other publishers (58)

Karen A. Sullivan. 2023. Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy by Disorder. Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy by Disorder 185 194 .
Heather E. Potts, Lawrence J. Lewandowski & Benjamin J. Lovett. (2022) Identifying Feigned ADHD in College Students: Comparing the Multidimensional ADHD Rating Scale to Established Validity Measures. Journal of Attention Disorders 26:12, pages 1622-1630.
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Luciano Giromini, Sara Pasqualini, Andrea Corgiat Loia, Claudia Pignolo, Marzia Di Girolamo & Alessandro Zennaro. (2022) A Survey of Practices and Beliefs of Italian Psychologists Regarding Malingering and Symptom Validity Assessment. Psychological Injury and Law 15:2, pages 128-140.
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Jeroen J. Roor, Brechje Dandachi-FitzGerald, Maarten J.V. Peters, Hans Knoop & Rudolf W.H.M. Ponds. (2021) Performance Validity and Outcome of Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 28:5, pages 473-482.
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Karen A. Sullivan & Darcy Bennett. (2021) An Experimental Study of the Effects of Biased Responding on the Modified Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire and Validity Indicators. Psychological Injury and Law 14:3, pages 161-170.
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Gerald Young. (2021) The Call for Aid (Cry for Help) in Psychological Injury and Law: Reinterpretation, Mechanisms, and a Call for Research. Psychological Injury and Law 14:3, pages 185-200.
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Y. E. Ali Akca, Lotte Slootmaekers & Irena Boskovic. (2020) Verifiability and Symptom Endorsement in Genuine, Exaggerated, and Malingered Pain. Psychological Injury and Law 13:3, pages 235-245.
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Swapnajeet Sahoo, Rajeet Kumar & Fareed Oomer. (2020) Concepts and controversies of malingering: A re-look. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 50, pages 101952.
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Theodore Wasserman & Lori WassermanTheodore Wasserman & Lori Wasserman. 2020. Motivation, Effort, and the Neural Network Model. Motivation, Effort, and the Neural Network Model 103 113 .
Gerald Young. (2019) The Cry for Help in Psychological Injury and Law: Concepts and Review. Psychological Injury and Law 12:3-4, pages 225-237.
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Luciano Giromini, Sharon Carfora Lettieri, Salvatore Zizolfi, Daniele Zizolfi, Donald J. Viglione, Emanuela Brusadelli, Barbara Perfetti, Daniela Angiola di Carlo & Alessandro Zennaro. (2019) Beyond Rare-Symptoms Endorsement: a Clinical Comparison Simulation Study Using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29). Psychological Injury and Law 12:3-4, pages 212-224.
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Natalie L. Tuck, Malcolm H. Johnson & Debbie J. Bean. (2019) You'd Better Believe It: The Conceptual and Practical Challenges of Assessing Malingering in Patients With Chronic Pain. The Journal of Pain 20:2, pages 133-145.
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Rachel L Fazio & Robert L Denney. (2018) Comparison of Performance of the VIP and WMT in a Criminal Forensic Sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 33:8, pages 1069-1079.
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Sara M Lippa, Rael T Lange, Louis M French & Grant L Iverson. (2018) Performance Validity, Neurocognitive Disorder, and Post-concussion Symptom Reporting in Service Members with a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 33:5, pages 606-618.
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Stephanie L. Hanson & Thomas R. Kerkhoff. 2018. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology 1336 1343 .
Stephanie L. Hanson & Thomas R. Kerkhoff. 2017. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology 1 8 .
Isabella J. M. Niesten, Wenke Müller, Harald Merckelbach, Brechje Dandachi-FitzGerald & Marko Jelicic. (2017) Moral Reminders Do Not Reduce Symptom Over-Reporting Tendencies. Psychological Injury and Law 10:4, pages 368-384.
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Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa, Alfonso Caracuel Romero, Ivan Panyavin & Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla. (2017) Perception of ethical misconduct by neuropsychology professionals in Spain. NeuroRehabilitation 41:2, pages 527-538.
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Andrea M. Plohmann & Max Hurter. (2017) Prevalence of poor effort and malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in litigating patients in Switzerland. Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 28:2, pages 97-116.
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Thomas Merten. (2017) Logical Paradoxes and Paradoxical Constellations in Medicolegal Assessment. Psychological Injury and Law 10:3, pages 264-273.
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Andrew J. Levine, Eileen Martin, Ned Sacktor, Cynthia Munro & James Becker. (2017) Predictors and Impact of Self-Reported Suboptimal Effort on Estimates of Prevalence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 75:2, pages 203-210.
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Allyson G. Harrison. (2017) Clinical, Ethical, and Forensic Implications of a Flexible Threshold for LD and ADHD in Postsecondary Settings. Psychological Injury and Law 10:2, pages 138-150.
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Michael David Horner, Travis H. Turner, Kathryn K. VanKirk & John H. Denning. (2016) An Intervention to Decrease the Occurrence of Invalid Data on Neuropsychological Evaluation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.
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Benjamin J. Lovett, Michael Gordon & Lawrence J. Lewandowski. 2016. Assessing Impairment. Assessing Impairment 125 139 .
Isabella J.M. Niesten, Lieke Nentjes, Harald Merckelbach & David P. Bernstein. (2015) Antisocial features and “faking bad”: A critical note. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 41, pages 34-42.
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R. L. Fazio, J. F. Sanders & R. L. Denney. (2015) Comparison of Performance of the Test of Memory Malingering and Word Memory Test in a Criminal Forensic Sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 30:4, pages 293-301.
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Marina Fiene, Verena Bittner, Julia Fischer, Kati Schwiecker, Hans-Jochen Heinze & Tino Zaehle. (2015) Untersuchung der Simulationssensibilität des Alertness-Tests der Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP). Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 26:2, pages 73-86.
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Michelle A. Keiski, Douglas L. Shore, Joanna M. Hamilton & James F. Malec. (2014) Simulation of Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms on the Personality Assessment Inventory. Assessment 22:2, pages 233-247.
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Gerald Young. (2014) Resource Material for Ethical Psychological Assessment of Symptom and Performance Validity, Including Malingering. Psychological Injury and Law 7:3, pages 206-235.
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Shane S. Bush, Robert L. Heilbronner & Ronald M. Ruff. (2014) Psychological Assessment of Symptom and Performance Validity, Response Bias, and Malingering: Official Position of the Association for Scientific Advancement in Psychological Injury and Law. Psychological Injury and Law 7:3, pages 197-205.
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Harald Merckelbach, Willie Langeland, Gerard de Vries & Nel Draijer. (2014) Symptom overreporting obscures the dose–response relationship between trauma severity and symptoms. Psychiatry Research 217:3, pages 215-219.
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Arthur C. Russo. (2014) Assessing Veteran Symptom Validity. Psychological Injury and Law 7:2, pages 178-190.
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Christopher Bass & Peter Halligan. (2014) Factitious disorders and malingering: challenges for clinical assessment and management. The Lancet 383:9926, pages 1422-1432.
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Gerald YoungGerald Young. 2014. Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury. Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury 229 262 .
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Peter Giger & Thomas Merten. (2013) Swiss population-based reference data for six symptom validity tests. Clínica y Salud 24:3, pages 153-159.
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Thomas Merten & Harald Merckelbach. (2013) Symptom Validity Testing in Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders: A Critical Review. Psychological Injury and Law 6:2, pages 122-137.
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Kenneth R. Morel. (2013) Cutoff Scores for the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for PTSD: Considerations for Use in VA Mental Health Examinations. Psychological Injury and Law 6:2, pages 138-143.
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