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Miscellaneous

Botulinum toxin therapy for pain and inflammatory disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic effects

Pages 1531-1544 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Joaquín Cartagena-Sevilla, María R. García-Fernández & Juan P. Vicente-Villena. (2016) Analgesic Effect of Botulinum Toxin A in Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patients Previously Treated with Local Infiltration of Anesthetic and Steroids. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 30:4, pages 269-275.
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John P Ney & Kevin R Joseph. (2007) Neurologic uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 3:6, pages 785-798.
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Giuseppe Brisinda, Federica Cadeddu, Pasquale Mazzeo & Giorgio Maria. (2007) Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1:2, pages 219-228.
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D. M. Cullen, J. J. W. Boyle, P. L. Silbert, B. J. Singer & K. P. Singer. (2007) Botulinum toxin injection to facilitate rehabilitation of muscle imbalance syndromes in sports medicine. Disability and Rehabilitation 29:23, pages 1832-1839.
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Sheena Aurora. (2006) Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:8, pages 1085-1095.
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Gulnoz S. Dolimbek, Behzod Z. Dolimbek, K. Roger Aoki & M. Zouhair Atassi. (2005) Mapping of the Antibody and T Cell Recognition Profiles of the HN Domain (Residues 449–859) of the Heavy Chain of Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Two High-Responder Mouse Strains. Immunological Investigations 34:2, pages 119-142.
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Keith A Foster. (2004) The analgesic potential of clostridial neurotoxin derivatives. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 13:11, pages 1437-1443.
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Markus Naumann & Joseph Jankovic. (2004) Safety of botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 20:7, pages 981-990.
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Brian Freund & Marvin Schwartz. (2004) Whiplash Associated Disorders. Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders 3:1, pages 49-58.
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Articles from other publishers (84)

Gary Borodic. (2023) Botulinum toxin type A in multimodal management of age-related macular degeneration and related diseases. Toxicon 236, pages 107170.
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Carlos Acosta-Olivo, Luis E. Simental-Mendía, Félix Vilchez-Cavazos, Víctor M. Peña-Martínez, Jorge Elizondo-Rodíguez & Mario Simental-Mendía. (2022) Clinical Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 103:2, pages 364-371.e2.
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Dominic Atraszkiewicz. (2021) The processes underlying chronic migraine pathophysiology and its treatment with botulinum toxin type A. Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience 9:6, pages 421-429.
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Edivaldo Miotto, Karina Maria Salvatore Freitas, Aline Akemi Mori, Fabricio Pinelli Valarelli, Ricardo Cesar Gobbi de Oliveira & Renata Cristina Oliveira. (2021) Effect of botulinum toxin on quality of life of patients with chronic myofascial pain. Pain Management 11:5, pages 583-593.
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Hritu Baral, Akiko Sekiguchi, Akihiko Uchiyama, Syahla Nisaa Amalia, Sahori Yamazaki, Yuta Inoue, Yoko Yokoyama, Sachiko Ogino, Ryoko Torii, Mari Hosoi, Ryoko Akai, Takao Iwawaki, Osamu Ishikawa & Sei‐ichiro Motegi. (2021) Inhibition of skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis by botulinum toxin B via the suppression of oxidative stress. The Journal of Dermatology 48:7, pages 1052-1061.
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Philip Radovic. (2020) Treatment of “plantar fasciitis”/Plantar Heel Pain Syndrome with botulinum toxin — A novel injection paradigm pilot study. The Foot 45, pages 101711.
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Kyung-Hwan Kwon, Kyung Su Shin, Sung Hee Yeon & Dae Gun Kwon. (2019) Application of botulinum toxin in maxillofacial field: Part II. Wrinkle, intraoral ulcer, and cranio-maxillofacial pain. Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 41:1.
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Tao WuHai-Xin SongYang Zheng LiYe YeJian-Hua LiXing Yue Hu. (2019) Clinical effectiveness of ultrasound guided subacromial-subdeltoid bursa injection of botulinum toxin type A in hemiplegic shoulder pain. Medicine 98:45, pages e17933.
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Bing-Juin Chiang, Hann-Chorng Kuo & Chun-Hou Liao. (2019) Can Botulinum Toxin A Still Have a Role in Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Through Inhibition of Chronic Prostatic Inflammation?. Toxins 11:9, pages 547.
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S. Villa, G. Raoul, F. Machuron, J. Ferri & R. Nicot. (2019) Improvement in quality of life after botulinum toxin injection for temporomandibular disorder. Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 120:1, pages 2-6.
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Helka M. Heikkilä, Tarja S. Jokinen, Pernilla Syrjä, Jouni Junnila, Anna Hielm-Björkman & Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori. (2018) Assessing adverse effects of intra-articular botulinum toxin A in healthy Beagle dogs: A placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized trial. PLOS ONE 13:1, pages e0191043.
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Helka M. Heikkilä, Anna K. Hielm-Björkman, John F. Innes & Outi M. Laitinen-Vapaavuori. (2017) The effect of intra-articular botulinum toxin A on substance P, prostaglandin E2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the canine osteoarthritic joint. BMC Veterinary Research 13:1.
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Sang Bum HanHyeree Kim, Sang Hyun Cho, Jin Ho ChungHei Sung Kim. (2017) Protective Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A Against Atopic Dermatitis–Like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice. Dermatologic Surgery 43:3, pages S312-S321.
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Iselin Saltvig & Steen Henrik Matzen. (2017) Incidental Treatment of a Subclinical Chronic Tension-Type Headache by Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin A: A Case Report. Case Reports in Dermatology 9:3, pages 249-253.
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Xiaona Lu, Guocheng Chen, Pengjie Ren, Yan Yang & Fei Fan. (2017) Progress on Botulinum Toxin Type A-Induced Pain Relief in the Field of Plastics. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 28:8, pages 2045-2052.
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Shehryar N Khawaja. (2017) Botulinum Toxin Type a for the Management of Masticatory Muscle Pain in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review. Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy 7:6.
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Tao Wu, Hai-xin Song, Yan Dong, Ye Ye & Jian-hua Li. (2016) Intra-articular injections of botulinum toxin a for refractory joint pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation 31:4, pages 435-443.
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Jamal Ahmad, Stacy H. Ahmad & Kennis Jones. (2016) Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis With Botulinum Toxin. Foot & Ankle International 38:1, pages 1-7.
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Fatih Asutay, Yusuf Atalay, Hilal Asutay & Ahmet Hüseyin Acar. (2017) The Evaluation of the Clinical Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Nocturnal Bruxism. Pain Research and Management 2017, pages 1-5.
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Tao Wu, Yu Fu, Hai xin Song, Ye Ye, Yan Dong & Jian hua Li. (2015) Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for Shoulder Pain Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 96:12, pages 2214-2220.
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Pedro A. Kowacs, Marco A. T. Utiumi, Fábio A. Nascimento, Elcio J. Piovesan & Helio A. G. Teive. (2015) OnabotulinumtoxinA for trigeminal neuralgia: a review of the available data. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73:10, pages 877-884.
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Y.-W. Chen, Y.-W. Chiu, C.-Y. Chen & S.-K. Chuang. (2015) Botulinum toxin therapy for temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44:8, pages 1018-1026.
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Eman M. I. Moawad & Enas Abdallah Ali Abdallah. (2015) Botulinum Toxin in Pediatric Neurology. Global Pediatric Health 2, pages 2333794X1559014.
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Matthew J. Harries, Sharon Wong & Paul Farrant. (2015) Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Increased Scalp Sweating: Is Neurogenic Inflammation the Common Link. Skin Appendage Disorders 1:4, pages 179-184.
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Roshni Ramachandran & Tony L Yaksh. (2014) Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in migraine: mechanisms of action. British Journal of Pharmacology 171:18, pages 4177-4192.
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Adriana P Soares, Regis B Andriolo, Álvaro N Atallah & Edina MK da Silva. (2014) Botulinum toxin for myofascial pain syndromes in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021:6.
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Ki Yeon Yoo, Hee Su Lee, Young Kyung Cho, You Sun Lim, Yi Seul Kim, Jung Hoi Koo, Se Jin Yoon, Jung Hwan Lee, Ki Hyo Jang & Sun Hong Song. (2013) Anti-inflammatory Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A in a Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Knee Joint of Hind Leg on Rat Model. Neurotoxicity Research 26:1, pages 32-39.
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Andrea L. Nicol, Irene I. Wu & F. Michael Ferrante. (2014) Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections for Cervical and Shoulder Girdle Myofascial Pain Using an Enriched Protocol Design. Anesthesia & Analgesia 118:6, pages 1326-1335.
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Gary E. Borodic, Paul Caruso, Martin Acquadro & Sarah Chick. (2014) Parry-Romberg Syndrome Vasculopathy and Its Treatment With Botulinum Toxin. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 30:1, pages e22-e25.
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Jon Y. Zhou & Dajie Wang. (2013) An Update on Botulinum Toxin A Injections of Trigger Points for Myofascial Pain. Current Pain and Headache Reports 18:1.
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Miia Lindström, Riikka Keto-Timonen & Hannu Korkeala. 2014. Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin. Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin 229 258 .
Gaurav Verma. (2013) Role of Botulinum Toxin Type-A (BTX-A) in the Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia. Pain Research and Treatment 2013, pages 1-6.
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Ryan R. Ramsook & Gerard A. Malanga. (2012) Myofascial Low Back Pain. Current Pain and Headache Reports 16:5, pages 423-432.
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Adriana Soares, Régis B Andriolo, Álvaro N Atallah, Edina MK da Silva & Edina MK da Silva. 1996. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Behzod Z. Dolimbek, Lance E. Steward, K. Roger Aoki & M. Zouhair Atassi. (2011) Location of the Synaptosome-Binding Regions on Botulinum Neurotoxin B. Biochemistry 51:1, pages 316-328.
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Thiru Mandyam Annaswamy, Arthur J. De Luigi, Bryan J. O'Neill, Nandita Keole & David Berbrayer. (2011) Emerging Concepts in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain: A Review of Medications, Modalities, and Needle‐based Interventions. PM&R 3:10, pages 940-961.
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M. Zouhair Atassi, Behzod Z. Dolimbek, Joseph Jankovic, Lance E. Steward & K. Roger Aoki. (2011) Regions of botulinum neurotoxin A light chain recognized by human anti-toxin antibodies from cervical dystonia patients immunoresistant to toxin treatment. The antigenic structure of the active toxin recognized by human antibodies. Immunobiology 216:7, pages 782-792.
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Tony Zhang, Aleem Adatia, Wasifa Zarin, Misha Moitri, Abi Vijenthira, Rong Chu, Lehana Thabane & Walter Kean. (2010) The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta analysis. Inflammopharmacology 19:1, pages 21-34.
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Gerard A. Malanga & Eduardo J. Cruz Colon. (2010) Myofascial Low Back Pain: A Review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 21:4, pages 711-724.
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Chen-Liang Chou, Si-Huei Lee, Shin-Yo Lu, Ko-Lun Tsai, Chung-Yu Ho & Hsuan-Chu Lai. (2010) Therapeutic Effects of Intra-articular Botulinum Neurotoxin in Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 73:11, pages 573-580.
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Gary E. Borodic. (2010) Orbicularis Oculi Myo-osseous Fixation: A New Treatment for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Blepharospasm Associated With Diffuse Facial Dystonia (Meige Syndrome). Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 41:3, pages 360-369.
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Jung H. Lee, Sang-Ho Lee & Sun H. Song. (2010) Clinical Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin A Compared to a Mixture of Steroid and Local Anesthetics as a Treatment for Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Pain Medicine 11:5, pages 692-700.
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Juan Pérez Cajaraville, David Abejón González, Rosana Sainz Camuñas & José Ramón Ortiz Gómez. 2010. Toxina Botulínica. Toxina Botulínica 267 299 .
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M. Zouhair Atassi. (2009) Immune recognition of BoNTs A and B: How anti-toxin antibodies that bind to the heavy chain obstruct toxin action. Toxicon 54:5, pages 600-613.
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Jun-Suk Kang, Karsten Krakow, Julia Roggendorf, Helmuth Steinmetz & Ruediger Hilker. (2009) Botulinum toxin treatment of epilepsia partialis continua. Movement Disorders 24:1, pages 141-143.
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M. Zouhair Atassi & K. Roger Aoki. 2009. Botulinum Toxin. Botulinum Toxin 53 76.e8 .
Leonidas Manolopoulos, Petros V. Vlastarakos, Lucas Georgiou, Ioannis Giotakis, Anthony Loizos & Thomas P. Nikolopoulos. (2008) Myofascial pain syndromes in the maxillofacial area: a common but underdiagnosed cause of head and neck pain. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37:11, pages 975-984.
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Behzod Z. Dolimbek, Lance E. Steward, K. Roger Aoki & M. Zouhair Atassi. (2008) Immune recognition of botulinum neurotoxin B: Antibody-binding regions on the heavy chain of the toxin. Molecular Immunology 45:4, pages 910-924.
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Roberto Casale & Valeria Tugnoli. (2008) Botulinum Toxin for Pain. Drugs in R & D 9:1, pages 11-27.
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A. Kemal Erdemoglu & Ayhan Varlibas. (2007) The long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in refractory chronic tension-type headache. The Journal of Headache and Pain 8:5, pages 294-300.
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Valeria Tugnoli, Jay Guido Capone, Roberto Eleopra, Rocco Quatrale, Mariachiara Sensi, Ernesto Gastaldo, Maria Rosaria Tola & Pierangelo Geppetti. (2007) Botulinum Toxin type A reduces capsaicin-evoked pain and neurogenic vasodilatation in human skin. Pain 130:1, pages 76-83.
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Brian Freund & Marvin Schwartz. (2006) The role of botulinum toxin in whiplash injuries. Current Pain and Headache Reports 10:5, pages 355-359.
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